What is the landmark that can help me in measuring the thickness of adult rat cerebral cortex in different experimental groups from horizontal brain sections (not coronal sections)?
Are these sagittal sections? Have you stained them with anything?
I would recommend doing Nissl or Cresyl Violet staining and then you will be able to distinguish the corpus callosum very clearly. This is a pretty good landmark for the "edge" of the cortex.
I'd also add here that DAPI is a useful stain to use for this. Whichever stain you use, you can measure the pia to white-matter distance as a measure of cortical thickness.
If you're interested in the thickness of each layer, then staining for VGluT2 is a useful was to delineate each cortical layer. =)