I've read that the angle and the intensity are like a fingerprint for a certain phase. But where do I find this reference pattern for the martensite, austenite, .. so that I can compare it with my peaks?
First of all, you should be aware of the phases present or that can be formed during processing. Then you should get the data from ICDD Database for certain phases to evaluate the same. https://www.icdd.com/ Please use the below link. Sometimes it may be useful and I have not used it.
If you have access to commercial software like Expert High Score your task will become simpler. Given the material and the diffraction pattern it can identify the peaks.