After doing column experiment I want to check its retention in the porous media through its section analysis. As nanoparticles retained what I should do to know its concentration in the sand.
Try powder XRD analysis for quantitative measurement. When compared to two standard samples of known composition, it will be easy to determine the retention amount for the rest.
Sand particles will settle by orders of magnitude faster than the nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles will be 'extracted' with wash liquid, i.e. in fraction with particles not settled in seconds. Depending on precision required you may repeat washing several times.