For the purpose of toxicity screening or biocompatibility testing of nanomaterials or mechanism studies on the possible toxicity induced by nanomaterials, various cell-based in vitro test systems and in vivo animal models are being developed and employed. In in vitro test systems, macrophages and other relevant mammalian cells are frequently used as the test cells especially for nanomaterials because they are primarily the responsible surveillance cells in the body. However, these cells are highly reactive to endotoxins; therefore it is difficult to distinguish the response to endotoxins from that to nanomaterials. Consequently, contamination by endotoxins would confound the result of tests in vitro.