Amended on 7 July 2019

Oxytocin receptor/OT-R and Vasopressin V1A receptor/Antiuretic hormone receptor 1a are present in my human protein database at 6.0 μg/mg of tissue protein and at 1.7 μg/mg of tissue protein, respectively (please see the file; The Fascio effect).

Hepatoma HepG2 (cultured without fucoidan) has Protransforming growth factor (TGF) alpha at 0.2 μg/mg of cell protein. Interestingly, healed hepatocyte HepG2 (cultured with fucoidan at 0.102 mg/mL for 3 days) has no TGF alpha. This may be a cause of reduced growth velocity of healed hepatocyte HepG2 due to fucoidan (please see file; HepG2 Fucoidan).

Human peptide hormones are circulating at μg/mL of serum volume, but not at ng/mL of serum volume (my unpublished estimation). This estimation has been performed as follows; i.e., Human serum biotinidase/Enkephalin amino-exopeptidase has 30.3 μM of Km as dimer (please see files; Enk serumBIN and The Fascio effect). Peptide hormones should be circulating concentrations near the Km values. Relative molecular mass of Leu-Enkephalin is 555.6. Then, 555.6 x 30.3 = 16,835 μg/L of Enkephalin is circulating in the human blood. Therefore, Leu-Enkephalin is truly circulating at 16.8 μg/mL of serum or plasma volume.

Human sera have Activin receptor type IIA at 10.3, Activin receptor type IIB at 4.1, Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor at 3.0, Epidermal growth factor/Urogastrone at 1.8, Epidermal growth factor receptor/EGFR-5 at 2.3, Tumor necrosis factor receptor at 2.3, Interleukin-9 receptor at 6.4, and Interleukin-31 receptor at 4.7 μg/mg of serum protein, respectively.

This discrepancy for c.a. 2,000-fold is only due to non-quantitative and notorious ELISA and/or RIA method. Immunogloblin G/IgG recognizes many proteins other than putative ligand. Therefore, notorious Vaccine are not so effctive. Avidin recognizes Biotin/Vitamin H, Lipoate/Thioctic acid, and many amino acids (please see files; Lipoic acid Avidin and D-Asp Avidin). Further, direct use of photometer without purification gives lower values than HPLC-photometry due to violence to the Lambert-Beer law (please see file; JCB Fucoidan transport).

Therefore, I agree with the opinion of Dr. Vincent Paul Schmitz (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA).

By the way, I have recently found that NMDA-type glutamate receptor is not present in Humans. Humans has Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3/Excitatory amino acid receptor 5. This may be due to Species differences.

Further, I have also found that Human's peptide hormones are able to be cut by Human serum biotinidase (please see file; Enk serumBIN). Then, Insulin, Glucagon, Angiotensin, and Renin are not present in Humans. This is due to famous Species differences. Insulin-degrading enzyme/Insulinase/IDE (also present in Arthropods such as the fly Drosophila melanogaster and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)) and Angiotensin-converting enzyme/ACE are present in Humans, but these enzymes may be working as defence proteins.

LC tissue (named as No.6) has Insulin-degrading enzyme/Insulinase/IDE at 4.0 μg/mg tissue protein. This tissue has proteins of HHV-5 at 9.1 μg/mg tissue protein.

HCC tissue (No.6) has Insulin-degrading enzyme /Insulinase/IDE at 13.3 μg/mg tissue protein. This tissue has proteins of HHV-5 at 8.52 μg/mg tissue protein.

Therefore, IDE may be working as a defence protein against HHV-5 in Humans.

Serum of 1y girl (with biotin deficiency and Alopecia) has Angiotensin-converting enzyme/ACE/CD143 at 7.5 μg/mg serum protein. This serum has UPF0189 protein Rv1899c/MT1950 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) at 7.9 μg/mg serum protein.

Serum of Gait disorder patient (32y, female; with biotin deficiency) has Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/ACEH/Metalloprotease MPROT15/ACE2 at 6.4 μg/mg serum protein. This serum has Probable spermine synthase (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) at 5.5 μg/mg serum protein.

Therefore, ACE may be working as a defence protein against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Humans.

Furthermore, Uterine contracting hormone/Oxytotic hormone is present in Humans; i.e., Liver tissue (with Pseudo-liver cancer) has Oxytocin receptor/OT-R at 6.1 μg/mg tissue protein.

On the other hand, Uterine relaxing factor of Relaxin seems to be not present in Humans as assessed by the substrate rule of Human serum biotinidase (please see file again; Enk serumBIN). Then, Uterine relaxing factor in Humans seems to be NO/Nitric oxide.

Oxytocin has been found in Cat, Dog, and Monkey by Dr. H. H. Dale (Wellcome Physiologcabl Research Laboratories, Herne Hill, England). On the other hand, Relaxin has been purified from Guinea pigs (and has not been tested on Monkey) by Dr. F. L. Hisaw (Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA).

Healed hepatocyte HepG2 (cultured with fucoidan for 3 days) has Relaxin receptor 2 at 6.0 μg/mg cell protein. Then, this receptor seems to bind to other ligands such as Insulin-like growth factors/IGFs. Insulin-like peptides/ILPs are absent in Humans (our unpublished observation).

Further, results of substrate specificities of the Enkephalin-amino-exopeptidase/Human serum biotinidase indicate that Cholecystokinin is not present in Humans (please see Table II of file; Enk serumBIN). Glutathione and Aspartame have been hydrolyzed by Brain Lipoamidase (complex-type; please see file; Purify Brain Lipoamidase) instead of Human serum biotinidase (please see file; Multiple hydrolase LIP).

I am grateful to Dr. Bruno Henrique Amaral (Departamento de Farmacologia (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil) for leading me to these important findings.

I am not aware of any oxytocin antibodies that have demonstrated satisfactory binding stoichiometry.