Do you have water available even if it's impure? Then you can purify it with filtration and reverse osmosis, which require mechanical energy. This can come from PV or wind turbines and electric motors or directly from wind turbines.

If there is no water available then you will have to transport it in, and in some areas of the world this is going to be very expensive indeed.

Given the current needs of society, what could be the alternatives of clean and renewable energies for potable water supply systems in rural areas?

The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare and health is increasing.

Returning to renewables to help mitigate climate change is an excellent approach which needs to be sustainable in order to meet energy demand of future generations. the opportunities associated with renewable energy sources which includes: Energy Security, Energy Access, Social and Economic development, Climate Change Mitigation, and reduction of environmental and health impacts. Despite these opportunities, there are challenges that hinder the sustainability of renewable energy sources towards climate change mitigation.

These challenges include Market failures, lack of information, access to raw materials for future renewable resource deployment, and our daily carbon footprint. Its suggested some measures and policy recommendations which when considered would help achieve the goal of renewable energy thus to reduce emissions, mitigate climate change and provide a clean environment as well as clean energy for all and future generations.

The RO Technology is a menace & is in many cases damaging topsoil through increased salinity. Alternate technologies should be developed and promoted.