As a specialist myself in determinants of human energy expenditure, this topic caught my eye - Very interesting. I follow all of your calculations and, in short, I believe that the calculations themselves are essentially correct. However, I have not yet been able to wrap my head around what the result of these calculations actually means. I suppose that all it represents is the current market cost equivalent to a human's total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, kcals/day). As such, the calculations simply represent a unique (from my perspective) unit conversion - i.e., kcals/day to $US/month. Was this the purpose of this transformation is there another downrange goal in mind?

Dan Heil, PhD

Professor, Applied Exercise Physiology

That, Dan. Thank

Think about how it is possible to escape entropy. Also think about how it is possible to escape energy. Any living organism is intrinsically enveloped by energy, like everything else in the universe. Take these other issues into account:

What is the amount and type of energy required to maintain the structure of the human body?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_amount_and_type_of_energy_required_to_maintain_the_structure_of_the_human_body

What is the amount and type of energy required to maintain the structure of the human body?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Think_critically_what_energy_moves_the_modern_world

Can adaptive incompatibility contribute to a comprehensive understanding of mental disorders?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_adaptive_incompatibility_contribute_to_a_comprehensive_understanding_of_mental_disorders

To conclude, one can observe, through this comparison, the enormous effectiveness of the cellular programming of living beings.

All this countless human production is maintained by the energy of our bodies. Human production is extremely ineffective and poorly structured and engendered, in terms of energy.

It is also possible to talk about surplus value and how Max would think about it. We are too cheap living beings, in terms of energy.

A living cell is a dynamic chemical system operating far from its chemical equilibrium.

For a cell to grow or give rise to a new cell in its own image, it must acquire free energy from the environment, as well as raw materials, to carry out the necessary synthetic reactions. This consumption of free energy is fundamental for life. When this process is interrupted, the cell declines to chemical equilibrium and soon dies.

Genetic information is also fundamental to life, and free energy is needed for the propagation of this information. For example, the specification of information, that is, a yes or no choice between two equally likely alternatives – costs a definite amount of free energy that can be calculated.

The quantitative relationship involves an arduous understanding and depends on a precise definition of the term “free energy”.

The basic idea, however, is not difficult to grasp intuitively.

Imagine the molecules of a cell as a multitude of objects endowed with thermal energy, moving violently at random, being buffeted by colliding with each other. To specify genetic information—in the form of a DNA sequence, for example—molecules from this wild crowd must be captured, arranged in an order defined by some preexisting template, and stably joined together. The bonds that hold the molecules in place in the mold and bind them together must be strong enough to resist the messy effect of thermodynamics.

The process is driven by the consumption of free energy that is needed to ensure that the correct bonds are robustly formed. In the simplest case, molecules can be likened to a spring-loaded trap, ready to disarm, assuming a more stable, lower-energy conformation when it finds its appropriate partners; when they assume the bound conformation, their available energy – their free energy –, like the energy in the spring of the trap, is released and dissipated as heat. In a cell, the chemical processes that correspond to the transfer of information are more complex, but the same basic principle applies: free energy must be utilized in creating order.

To faithfully replicate its genetic information and actually produce all of its complex molecules to the right specifications, the cell therefore requires free energy, which must be imported from the surroundings in some way.

Other organisms, such as animals, feed on living things and need to get many of their organic molecules ready-made.

Free energy

The free energy needed by animal cells is derived from chemical bonds in the food molecules that animals eat, while plants get their free energy from sunlight.

All cells function as biochemical factories using the same basic fundamental molecular units.

Because all cells make DNA, RNA, and proteins, they must all contain and manipulate a similar set of small molecules, including simple sugars, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as other substances that are universally needed.

All cells, for example, need the phosphorylated nucleotide ATP (adenosine triphosphate), not only as a fundamental unit for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, but also as a carrier of the free energy necessary to carry out a large number of chemical reactions in the cell.

Although all cells function as biochemical factories of a very similar type, many of the details of their small molecule transaction differ.

Some organisms, such as plants, need only minimal nutrients and use the energy of sunlight to manufacture all of their own small organic molecules.

Photosynthesis is a photochemical process that consists of producing energy through sunlight and fixing carbon from the atmosphere.

It can be summarized as the process of transforming light energy into chemical energy.

The term photosynthesis means synthesis by light.

Photosynthesis is a process that occurs inside the plant cell, from CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water), as a way to produce glucose.

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria and some bacteria carry out photosynthesis and are called chlorophyll beings, because they have an essential pigment for the process, chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, an organelle present only in plant cells, and where the pigment chlorophyll is found, responsible for the green color of plants.

Pigments can be defined as any type of substance capable of absorbing light. Chlorophyll is the most important plant pigment for absorbing photon energy during photosynthesis.

Absorbed sunlight has two basic functions in the process of photosynthesis:

• Boost electron transfer through compounds that donate and accept electrons.

• Generate a proton gradient necessary for the synthesis of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate - energy).

ATP synthase

Protonic Power Plants are needed to produce ATP: ATP synthase.

ATP synthase is the name given to a veritable nano-molecular "power plant" made up of turbines and protein reactors that synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in cells.

It is the smallest rotary engine known to date. To give you an idea of its minuscule size, in a millimeter, approximately 10,000 ATP synthases can be grouped side by side.

This engine is powered not by electrical energy but by "proton energy"; that is, by a countercurrent flow of protons.

ATP synthase is vital for life, and without it no life in its full form would exist in this Universe, as ATP synthase produces indispensable energy that cells use to carry out their most basic and vital biological mechanisms, such as DNA replication, production of RNA, protein synthesis, and the metabolism cleanup of molecules.

About 14 trillion cells in your body are currently carrying out this biochemical reaction, at about a million times per minute, through mitochondria.

A single mitochondrion located in 1 human liver cells (the liver is formed by one hundred thousand lobules with several cells - hepatocytes) has about 15,000 ATP synthase. Each hepatocyte has approximately 2,000 mitochondria.

The elucidation of the structure of ATP synthase earned him a Nobel Prize in 1987, such was the enormity and importance of the feat. Our cells contain thousands of these nano-engines embedded in their mitochondria, and installed in their membranes.

And these nano-engines (nano-power plants) are about 200,000 times smaller than a pinhead. These nano-engines produce the energy of life: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

At the center of ATP synthase is a small rotor that rotates at around 100 revolutions per second.

The machine then synthesizes 3 ATP molecules per rotation, that is, 300 ATP molecules per second! Just for our thinking and walking, we recycle the proportional to our body weight (70 kg) of ATP each day.

The ATP synthase engine spins at 8,500 RPM.

Note, in the event of an interruption in the supply of O2, the interruption of the action of the respiratory chain and supply of ATP occurs as a result of the deactivation of the mechanism of action of ATP synthase. In a few minutes, cells and metabolism become unviable and, consequently, the human organism.

Due to the interruption of energy flow and the inexorable and irreversible effect of entropy.

Death happens in a relatively short time: minutes.

Cell

“Because cells are the fundamental units of life, it is in cell biology – the study of the structure, function and behavior of cells – that we must look for answers to questions about what life is and how it works. With a deeper understanding of cells and their evolution, we can begin to grapple with the great historical problems of life on Earth: its mysterious origins, its fascinating diversity, and its encroachment on every conceivable habitat.

Indeed, as the pioneer of cell biology E. B. Wilson emphasized long ago, 'the key to every biological problem must ultimately be sought in the cell; for every living organism there is, or was once, a cell'. ”

Universal characteristics of cells on Earth

It is estimated that there are currently more than ten million – perhaps a hundred million – living species on Earth.

Each species is different, and each reproduces faithfully, generating progeny that belong to the same species: the parent organism transfers information specifying, in extraordinary detail, the characteristics that its offspring should have.

SOURCE:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369366924_Isolated_human_populations_are_free_of_Mental_Disorders_Why