• Electrons in ECM represent real, matter-based mass-energy carriers.
  • Holes in conductors and semiconductors analogously represent negative apparent mass, emerging from the absence or displacement of electrons.
  • Their opposing motions, directions, and effects match ECM’s mass-energy coupling dynamics, reinforcing ECM’s thesis that mass is not a static scalar, but a dynamically expressed property contingent on motion, energy exchange, and system asymmetry.
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