In response to various signals, MΦ may undergo classical M1 activation or alternative M2 activation. The M1 phenotype is characterized by the expression of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, high productions of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates, promotion of Th1 response and strong microbicidal and tumoricidal activity.
Probably you are referred to M2c macrophages (induced by IL-10) which are more related to suppression of immune responses and tissue remodeling. Read the following review by Alberto Mantovani: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471490604002959
Hi all together,
I agree with Judit, please read the Perspective in Immunity from June 2014 lead by Peter Murray. We really need to be more careful about macrophage activation. The simple polarization model describing macrophage activation is not sufficient anymore to describe macrophage biology.
Study work by Mosser DM, briefly macrophages stimulated with PGE2, IC, ATP in combination with a TLR stimuli with produce IL-10.
Best,
Iftach
Hi Franz,
I didn't completely get what you're looking for exactly: either a macrophage phenotype that is a result of local IL-10 production, or a macrophage phenotype that has immunoregulatory functions because it is producing IL-10 itself?
The first option is what is or used to be called the M2c, but apart from in vitro macrophages treated with IL-10 (or TGFb), you should be extremely careful to translate this to in vivo macrophages! If you're rather looking for IL-10 producing macrophages, there's quite some subsets that fall into this category and all depends on the tissue or disease model you'd wish to study. If you only want to do this in vitro, try the advice of Dr. Shaked, or treat your macrophages with type I interferon (e.g. Goossens et al, Cell Met 2010).
Either way, do us all a favor and please don't call them M3 (see comment by Dr. Schultze)! ;-)
The M3 switch phenotype can be programed by activation of M1-reprogramming pathways with simultaneous inhibition of the M2 phenotype transcription factors, STAT3, STAT6, and/or SMAD3. 2) M3 macrophages exerted an anti-tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo, which was superior to anti-tumor effects of cisplatin or M1 macrophages. 3) The anti-tumor effect of M3 macrophages was due to their anti-proliferative effect. For more study please see
Kalish S, Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2017; 23: 8–19.
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