in the summer and winter seasons, blood levels of prolactin hormone differ in females and males. may be hyperprolactinemia or hypoprolactinemia .
Heat stress has been shown to induce alteration of endocrine hormones and miRNAs expressions. Heat stress acclimation is accomplished by an altered endocrine status that ultimately affects target tissue responsiveness to environmental stimuli. Hormones implicated in the acclamatory response to heat stress primarily include thyroid hormones , prolactin and glucocorticoids.Heat stress affects the synthesis and secretion of prolactin, which is associated with a higher cellular content of prolactin available for secretion at the level of the lactotrophs.
One study revealed that the prolactin value during summer can rise six to seven fold over the lowest value of winter. In addition to showing sensitivity to seasonal variations, In addition, a study proposed that elevated PRL is involved in meeting increased water and electrolyte demands. Prolactin is considered to be a key indicator of fatigue during exhausting heat stress as it elevates prolactin, catecholamines, and heat shock proteins at 30 min post heat stress. It is conceivable that heat stress modulates neurotransmitters in distinct patterns based on sex.
Prolactin correlates positively with ambient temperature which indicates the association of prolactin in acclimatization responses to high temperatures. Submitted review
There is a regulatory role for prolactin in some thermoregulatory mechanisms during climate warming in home ruminants.
An increase in prolactin (PRL)concentration is reported during heat stress (HS); being a homeorhetic hormone it may help in the adaptive metabolicresponses in HS. A study proposed that elevated PRL is involved in meeting increased water and electrolyte demands of the heat stressed cows [54]. Interestingly, a review summarized that prolactintogether with other involvements, supports insulinemia typical of the HS [55]. Alteration in the endocrine mechanisms is having a negative effect on the appetite center of the hypothalamus duringthe HS [56]. (PDF) Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341112787_Nutritional_Physiology_and_Biochemistry_of_Dairy_Cattle_under_the_Influence_of_Heat_Stress_Consequences_and_Opportunities [accessed Nov 30 2022].
Collier, R.J.; Beede, D.K.; Thatcher, W.W.; Israel, L.A.; Wilcox, C.J. Influences of Environment and Its Modification on Dairy Animal Health and Production. J. Dairy Sci.1982, 65, 2213–2227.55.
Baumgard, L.H.; Rhoads, R.P. Effects of Heat Stress on Postabsorptive Metabolism and Energetics. Annu.Rev. Anim. Biosci.2013, 1, 311–337.
There is a mutation in prolactin that causes a long-hair phenotype in cattle possesing that mutation. Also, there is a mutation in prolactin receptor that causes a short-hair phenotype in cattle, and animals carrying this latter mutation are better able to regulate their body temperature - what type of relationship are you exploring?
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