The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 recognises Takaaki Kajita in Japan and Arthur B. McDonald in Canada, for their key contributions to the experiments which demonstrated that neutrinos change identities.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2015/press.html
Also, new experimental data, which show that neutrinos have mass, are forcing theorists to revise the Standard Model of particle physics.
http://ctp.berkeley.edu/neutrino/neutrino.html
The Standard Model of elementary particles and interactions is one of the best tested theories in physics. It has been found to be in remarkable agreement with experiment, and its validity at the quantum level has been successfully probed in the electroweak sector. In spite of its experimental successes, though, the Standard Model suffers from a number of limitations, and is likely to be an incomplete theory. It contains many arbitrary parameters; it does not include gravity, the fourth elementary interaction; it does not provide an explanation for the hierarchy between the scale of electroweak interactions and the Planck scale, characteristic of gravitational interactions.
https://www.elsevier.com/books/particle-physics-beyond-the-standard-model/kazakov/978-0-444-52814-8
In standard model, the graviton mediates the force of gravitation in the framework of quantum field theory. If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless (because the gravitational force appears to have unlimited range) and must be a spin-2 boson. The spin follows from the fact that the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-rank tensor.
This old view on graviton is not able to solve the gravity problem in standard model, so seems we need a new definition of graviton.
To define graviton, let’s consider to a photon that is falling in the gravitational field, and revert back to the behavior of a photon in the gravitational field. When a photon is falling in the gravitational field, it goes from a low layer to a higher layer density of gravitons. We should assume that the graviton is not a solid sphere without any considerable effect. Graviton carries gravity force, so it is absorbable by other gravitons; in general; gravitons absorb each other and combine.
When some gravitons are around a photon (or other particles) they convert to color charges and enter into the structure of photon. Color charges around particles/objects interact with each other. There exists so much graviton around any particle. There are many layers of gravitons around a photon. The first layer is closed with photon, so that its gravitons interact with charge and magnetic fields in the structure of photon. The second layer interacts with the first layer and third layer and so on. Therefore; when a stone is falling in the gravitational field of the Earth, two layers of gravitons are applied to it, first layer up (at high h) and second down (at high h-dh). In down layer, the density of graviton is greater than up, so the stone falls and its kinetic energy increases.
This new view on graviton shows, identities of graviton changes, in fact it has mass with changeable spin.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279185909_Graviton_and_Newton%27s_second_law?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260982893_A_new_Definition_of_Graviton?ev=prf_pub
Data A new Definition of Graviton
Article Graviton and Newton's second law
Gauge bosons are elementary particles, the exchange particles of the four fundamental interactions of nature. They interact with other particles and so take influence in them. Actually, gauge bosons should be massless, which is true for photons, gluons and probably gravitons.
Only moving photon has mass as follows from the Einstein formula E=mc^2. Physicists have not stopped on assumption of massless. There are more attempts were made to clarify the photon massless in theoretical and experimental physics. There are good theoretical reasons to believe that the photon mass should be exactly zero, there is no experimental proof of this belief. These efforts show there is an upper bound on the photon mass, although the amount is very small, but not zero. The tight experimental upper bound of the photon mass restricts the kinematically allowed final states of photon decay to the lightest neutrino and/or particles beyond the Standard Model.
Heeck, J. (2013). How stable is the photon? Physical review letters, 111(2), 021801.
Theories and experiments have not limited to photons and graviton will also be included. For gravity there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass.
The fact that neutrinos (fermions in general) come in three flavors is not some theoretical invention. It is forced upon us by observation, starting with the discovery of the first "heavy electron", the muon, back in 1936.
In contrast, there is no experimental data whatsoever to suggest that gravitons have flavors of any kind. And there is indeed absolutely no evidence that gravitons carry color charge; on the contrary, if they did so, we would see explicit violations of the equivalence principle when we measured the masses of various elements.
Furthermore, a gravitational field is not characterized by "layer density of gravitons", the same way an electrostatic field is not characterized by any "layer density of photons". This naive view is unjustified and contradicts what the theory actually says.
We should also remind ourselves that elementary particles are really not the fundamental entities in quantum field theory. Rather, particles are just convenient visualizations of the excitation quanta of participating fields, but the particle picture is valid only in the perturbative regime, and (as argued, e.g., by Wald in his book, Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics) may not be valid at all in curved spacetime. It is especially not helpful to talk about the geometric shape of something that, at best, is an abstraction, a conveniently intuitive label attached to the series expansion of an integral describing a field or its interactions.
No-because it's not possible to describe spin-2 fields, that transform under an internal symmetry group. Cf. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0007220 , ``Inconsistency of interacting, multi-graviton theories''.
Dear V. T. Toth
While there are deep theoretical reasons why gravitons should exist, detecting them may be physically impossible on Earth.
For example, the conventional way of measuring gravitational forces – by bouncing light off a set of mirrors to measure tiny shifts in their separation – would be impossible in the case of gravitons. According to physicist Freeman Dyson, the sensitivity required to detect such a miniscule distance change caused by a graviton requires the mirrors to be so massive and heavy that they'd collapse and form a black hole.
Because of this, some have claimed that measuring a single graviton is hopeless. But what if you used the largest entity you know of – in this case the universe – to search for the telltale effects of gravitons. That is what two physicists are proposing.
In the paper, "Using cosmology to establish the quantization of gravity," published in Physical Review D (Feb. 20, 2014), Lawrence Krauss, a cosmologist at Arizona State University, and Frank Wilczek, a Nobel-prize winning physicist with MIT and ASU, have proposed that measuring minute changes in the cosmic background radiation of the universe could be a pathway of detecting the telltale effects of gravitons.
http://phys.org/news/2014-03-elusive-graviton.html
So, there is no directly way (or experiment) to understant the properties of graviton. It shows we need to describe an experimental evidence by useing a new look on it.
As long as you think like the past, you will get the same results that you've already earned, Feynman said.
My suggestion is for finding the properties of graviton please consider to behavior of photon in the gravitational field (blue and red shifts) that accepted by Pound-Rebka experiment.
During the photon is falling in the gravitational field, its energy (mass) increases. According to W=∆mc^2, the force of gravity performs work on the photon, so the mass (energy) of the photon and its frequency increase.
Pound, R. V.; Rebka Jr. G. A. "Apparent weight of photons". Physical Review Letters 4 (7), 1960
In interaction between gravity and photon (blueshift), when gravity acts on photon and gravitons enter the photon, gravitons do change the intensity of electric and magnetic fields which belong to photon. So, gravitons behave so that they are carrying the charge and magnetic effects in the structure of photon. When gravitons enter the photon, the intensity of electric and magnetic fields increases, but photon has no electric effect. So, there should be two groups of gravitons one that behaves like electric field and the other one that neutralizes the electric effect of other group. So, a group of gravitons behaves like positive electric field and the other one behaves like negative electric field and they neutralize each other’s electric effect. But they are moving, so a group of gravitons behave like magnetic field, and the intensity of two vertical electric and magnetic fields increases. So, gravitons are either color charge or color magnet. When a photon shifts to blue in the gravitational field, gravitons convert to electromagnetic energy. In fact gravitons convert to color charge and magnetic color and enter electric and magnetic fields of photon. It is acceptable because when photon is falling in the gravitational field, the intensity of its electric and magnetic fields increase. So, a photon is made up of color charges and magnetic color that have linear speed equal c with photon motion and nonlinear speed in the structure of photon, so they move faster than light speed. So, the amount of passed path per unit of time is not equal c and it is greater than c, in the other word graviton moves faster than light speed.
For more detail please see pages 6 - 15 of following article:
Reconsidering relativistic Newton's second law and its results
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280491440_Reconsidering_relativistic_Newton%27s_second_law_and_its_results
Article Reconsidering relativistic Newton's second law and its results
Dear Stam
Thank you for interesting link, that is a useful view on the case of graviton concept.
About rest mass of particles;
As we know, some particles such as photons are never seen at rest in any reference frame. So, there are two kinds of particles in physics;
A. Some particles like the photon move only with the speed of light c, in all inertial reference frames. Let’s call these kinds of particles the NR particles or Never at Rest condition particles.
B. Other particles like the electron always move with the speed v
The two kinds of particles are, conventionally, called massless particles and massive particles, respectively. The reason is that velocity isn't invariant under Lorentz transformations (unless it's the speed of light), whereas mass-and spin-are the two invariant labels of any particle.
Dear Hossein: Yes, gravity does have an effect on photons. But no, it is not because gravitons carry charge or have a magnetic moment; it's because photons carry energy-momentum, to which gravity couples. As to color, that has nothing to do with electricity or magnetism, but no, gravitons have no color charge either; it is quarks that carry energy-momentum.
Let me stress that a fundamental property of the gravitational field is that it couples a) universally, and b) minimally to all other forms of matter. Universal means it plays no favorites (which is why the gravity cannot have electric charge, color charge, etc.) Minimal means that it couples through geometry and nothing else. Even though we are unlikely to detect gravitons now or in the near future, these fundamental properties of the gravitational field are easily verifiable through various experimental tests of the equivalence principle. Any quantum gravity theory that proposes something different contradicts those experiments.
Dear Stam
Massless photon is an assumption. After 1906 Einstein have derived the second postulate of special relativity the constancy of the speed of light by assuming that the light quanta that he proposed in 1905 were massless particles.
Field, J. (2014). Einstein and Planck on mass-energy equivalence in 1905-06: a modern perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.8507
Physicists have not stopped on assumption of massless. There are more attempts were made to clarify the photon massless in theoretical and experimental physics. There are good theoretical reasons to believe that the photon mass should be exactly zero, there is no experimental proof of this belief.
Hojman, S. A., & Koch, B. (2013). Closing a window for massive photons. Advances in High Energy Physics
These efforts show there is an upper bound on the photon mass, although the amount is very small, but not zero. The tight experimental upper bound of the photon mass restricts the kinematically allowed final states of photon decay to the lightest neutrino and/or particles beyond the Standard Model (Heeck, 2013).
Heeck, J. (2013). How stable is the photon? Physical review letters, 111(2), 021801
Theories and experiments have not limited to photons and graviton will also be included. For gravity there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass.
Goldhaber, A. S., & Nieto, M. M. (2010). Photon and graviton mass limits. Reviews of Modern Physics, 82(1), 939
If we ignore zero rest mass, we can better and more realistic we can explain physical phenomena.
There's a difference between experimental limits-that are always finite bounds and understanding what the bounds mean. While the bounds on the mass of the photon and the graviton are finite, what matters is that they are compatible with zero-which isn't the case for the ``massive'' particles. And the reason is well known: gauge invariance. It's the U(1) invariance of the electroweak sector, after spontaneous symmetry breaking that ensures that one combination of the electrically neutral generators of SU(2) x U(1) remains as a symmetry, that may be identified with the the gauge invariance of electromagnetism. Similarly, the graviton is massless because of general coordinate invariance.
Dear V. T. Toth
" ... which is why the gravity cannot have electric charge, color charge, etc." Yes, you are right in large scale, also I have not said graviton has electric effect, I said in blueshift, gravity acts on photon and photon's energy (and its frequency) increases.
Photons carry electromagnetic energy. So, we can redefine graviton relative to electromagnetic energy.
Looking at the behavior of a photon in a gravitational field can help resolve vacuum energy. The fields around a "ray of light" are electromagnetic waves, not static fields. The electromagnetic field generated by a photon is much stronger than the associated gravitational field. Suppose a photon falls in a gravitational field, its energy (mass) increases. According to W=∆mc^2 , the force of gravity performs work on the photon, so the mass (energy) of the photon increases.
However, the energy of a photon depends on its electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, one part of the work done by gravity converts to electrical energy and the other part converts to magnetic energy. It means gravitons identity is changeable.
About zero point energy and graviton's properties
If the zero point energy in space (vacuum) exists, how can we explain the zero-point energy without using the uncertainty principle?
In this article, the ZPE is explained by using a novel description of the graviton. This is based on the behavior of photons in a gravitational field, leading to a new definition of the graviton. In effect, gravitons behave as if they have charge and magnetic effects.
These are referred to as negative color charge, positive color charge and magnetic color. From this, it can be shown that a photon is made of color charges and magnetic color. This definition of the structure of a photon then leads to an explanation of how the vacuum produces Zero Point Energy (ZPE).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279288309_Graviton_and_virtual_photons?ev=prf_pub
Article Graviton and virtual photons
Dear Hossein: Energy is energy. That's the whole point about gravity. Once you have a stress-energy tensor, it doesn't matter what its origin was. There is only one kind of energy. Whether its origin is the electromagnetic field, the weak interaction the strong interaction, rest mass, motion (kinetic energy)... doesn't matter. If it mattered, gravity would violate the equivalence principle, which is known to be true experimentally. As to the energy of an infalling photon, it depends on the observer. A freefalling observer would see a lot less change in the photon's energy than, say, an accelerating observer maintaining a constant position relative to the black hole. So there is no intrinsic change to the photon; everything is relative to observers. And no, the photon's mass doesn't increase; it doesn't have any rest mass to begin with, only relativistic kinetic energy and momentum. Furthermore, a photon does not "generate electromagnetic fields". Rather, photons are the excitation quanta of the electromagnetic field.
Dear V. T. Toth
Stress-energy tensor and also the Einstein field equations or Einstein equation are not a dynamical equations that describe how matter and energy change the geometry of space-time, this curved geometry being interpreted as the gravitational field of the matter source. Einstein tried to propound geometrical structures of space by mathematical equations. So, he used non-Euclidian geometry. In fact Einstein Field Equations do not come from the equivalence principle directly. These equations are simply equations that are suitable for general relativity.
You have written: "... photon's mass doesn't increase..."
For a massless particle we have; E=Pc and E=hf (f is frequency)
Griffiths, D. (2008). Introduction to elementary particles: John Wiley & Sons
And consider to weight of photon:
Pound, R. V.; Rebka Jr. G. A. "Apparent weight of photons". Physical Review Letters 4 (7), 1960
To see the steps how Einstein theorized that the measured speed of light in a gravitational field is actually not a constant but rather a variable depending upon the reference frame of the observer: Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German:
http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1911_35_898-908.pdf
In my theory, energy is "dense field" and mass is "Intensive energy".
So, in fact a photon is made up of two perpendicular electric and magnetic fields, also every electric field is made up of color charges and magnetic field is made up of color magnetic.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280626794_Unified_Force_Energy_and_Mass?ev=prf_pub
Article Unified Force, Energy and Mass
Dear Hossein: The Einstein field equations are very much dynamical equations, directly derivable using the action principle from the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian density. This can be done even without giving any geometric interpretation to the theory. The equivalence principle was a guide to formulating the theory; it is of course true that Einstein's theory is not unique in this regard, so it cannot be derived (in any rigorous sense of the word) from the equivalence principle alone.
Despite its catchy title, the Pound-Rebka paper is not about the "weight" of the photon, but about the fact that photons lose or gain energy (gravitational red/blueshift) in a gravitational field. It has nothing to do with any purported photon mass.
The speed of light in a gravitational field remains the constant c for any observer colocated with the light beam. The time it takes for light to travel from distant point A to distant point B in a gravitational field is longer than the distance AB divided by c, but that is because light no longer travels in a straight line. At any point along the light ray's trajectory, that trajectory is a null geodesic with dr/dt = c.
Dear V. T. Toth
About the speed of light in gravitational field, let's see what Einstein wrote"
http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
about the photon mass, please consider to famous formula
E=hf and E=mc^2 (f is frequency)
When frequency of photon increases, its mass increases too, for more detail please see following article (or attachment that is an image of a part of article.)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270339919_Interactions_Between_Real_and_Virtual_Spacetimes?ev=prf_pub
Article Interactions Between Real and Virtual Spacetimes
Hossein Javadi 7.26, Islamic Azad University
Dear Hossein,
Considering that the existence of either gravitons or gravitation-waves has been established makes them to hypothetical entities. Their postulation is still strictly a theoretical postulation.
Thus, the properties of these entities are unknown, and your questions of gravitons changing their properties, again, are hypothetical.
Thus, I would appreciate it if you would consider the suggestion that photons and gravitons are the same and form a Duality.
Research: Photon-Graviton Duality, Gravity-Quantization, and Relativistic-Gravity-doubling.
A new History of the Universe
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931214_Photon-Graviton_Duality_and_Relativistic_Gravity_Doubling_3._A_new_History_of_the_Universe
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3366.5121
This postulate is based on the modeling of the formation of the Universe as a crystallization process. The un-anticipated and stunning result was the detection that gravity is anti-energy. This is confirmed by the simultaneity of Mass and Gravity, and the bending of photons by Mass, as confirmed in 2019 by Eddington. The prediction that photons have twice the gravity as their rest-mass was confirmed at the same time.
Formation of the Universe as a Crystallization Process and the Evolution of Gravity
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264339506_Formation_of_the_Universe_as_a_Crystallization_Process_and_the_Evolution_of_Gravity?ev=prf_pub
Further publications, which confirm and predict activities in the Universe, are available under my name at Research Gate.
You may check my credentials as a leading scientist in the crystal-formation from the book:
‘Precision Crystallization’ – Theory and Practice of Controlling Crystal Size; Ingo H. Leubner, CRCpress 2009
For free viewing: http://www.CRCpress.com , search under ‘author’, Ingo Leubner
Thank you for beginning this discussion. I am hoping that my notes may add new information to the ‘old’ science.
Sincerely, Ingo H. Leubner
Article Photon-Graviton Duality and Relativistic Gravity Doubling 3....
Article Formation of the Universe as a Crystallization Process and t...
Dear Ingo H. Leubner
You are right that: "... existence of either gravitons ...and changing their properties.." are hypothetical. Why they are hypothetical? Because they are not detectable directly, but indirectly we can describe graviton and its properties. So, we need to assume that gravitons exist, then we can resolve physics problems.
Your suggestion about the "photon-graviton duality and relativistic" is considerable, seems our look on photon and graviton is close.
Classical mechanics and relativity (special and general) describe the acceleration is an explanation of outward of phenomena regardless the properties of sub quantum scales. It should be noted that the interaction between large objects (e.g. collision of two bodies) under the action of the quantum layer (in fact sub quantum layer) done.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279446746_Graviton_and_cosmology_equations_before_the_Big_Bang?ev=prf_pub
Article Graviton and cosmology equations, before the Big Bang
Dear Hossein / Javadi,
I sent you this already by email (Research gate). The name of Gödel is corrected.
I am hoping that others may also be interested in our work.
Thank you for your comment on my comment to your question. I down-loaded your paper on the pre-BB physics. Your equations are strictly derived from the present physics of the Universe. Goedel's (correct name!) law says that a theorem / axiom that are used for developing a model cannot be proven by the model. the reason is circular argumentation.
This makes your paper very interesting, but you won't be able to derive that gravity is anti-energy, because the existence of gravity is one of your theorems. The approach also cannot clarify the properties of the pre-BB energy. These axioms are overcome with my model, since the crystallization model does not contain any information or assumption of gravity. I feel strongly, that you will understand the crystallization process and underlying starting-assumptions will help you to see how the model leads to the appearance of anti-energy (based on existing physics). Connecting the anti-energy to the formed particles leads to the understanding that this anti-energy has all the properties of gravity. The formation of particles also leads instantly to the reverse process taking place in our Universe. This clearly shows that the pre-BB energy consists of photons. Again, follow the first publication.
I followed up with a wide range of modeling in the present Universe that have never been solved by classical physics, including Einstein’s relativity. The latter is included in my modeling. Modeling the expansion of the Universe using standard science shows that the Hubble constant is the rate of mass to energy conversion of the Universe.
I know that my models interfere with much of the modeling of the past hundred years. Resentment and refusal of accepting my models challenges the existing physics (which is part of my modeling) to re-invent my discoveries.
Thank you again for your comment and your modeling the physical pre-BB physical existence. Best regards , yours, Ingo
Dear Ingo
Thank you for your respond and suggestions. I appreciate your trying to describe relationship between photon and graviton. In my opinion, there is an inseparable relation between photon and graviton.
In science a new theory should use the right results of old theory and correct wrong concepts. Please compare the relativistic Newton's second law with orginal equation of Newton's second law.
By considering relativity and the speed limit of light, in order to propose the speed limit, the Newton’s second law was modified.
What I am talking about is that we need to remove "Force" concept and replace it by "Boson" concept of quantum mechanics. Please see;
Unified Force, Energy and Mass
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280626794_Unified_Force_Energy_and_Mass?ev=prf_pub
In the end, I hope more success for you
Best Regards
Hossein
Article Unified Force, Energy and Mass
If we agree with the idea that there is a formal analogy between gravitation and electromagnetism - in other words if we assume that gravito-electromagnetism (GEM) correctly describes the gravitational phenomena and laws - we must accept the existence of gravitons and gravitational waves.
In analogy to what is observed in the case of an oscillating point charge that is the source of a wave to which photons are associated, an oscillating point mass is the source of a wave to which gravitons are associated. And in analogy to Planck's law, the energy E of a graviton emitted by a point mass is proportional to the frequency f at which that mass is oscillating: E = h'.f.
However, contrary to the energy of a photon that only depends on the frequency at which its emitter is oscillating, the energy of a graviton depends also on the mass of its emitter, what implies that the constant h' depends on the nature of its source (an electron, a proton, ...).
This topic is covered in §6 of my article "Fundamentals of the theory of informatons"
Article Fundamentals of the Theory of Informatons.
Dear Antoine
I agree with you that "we must accept the existence of gravitons and gravitational waves."
You have written: "...the energy of a graviton depends also on the mass of its emitter,.." In my theory energy of graviton is constant, but the number of gravitons depend to the mass of emitter.
Dear Hossein,
To arrive to a rough estimate of the value of h' I started from the hypothesis that the number of gravitons emitted by a point charge q must be of the same order of magnitude as the number of photons emitted by that particle during the same period. In the context of this hypothesis it cannot be otherwise than that h' depends on the mass of the emitter.
Taking into account the rather arbitrary nature of my hypothesis, I would adapt the last paragraph of my intervention as follows: " However, contrary to the energy of a photon that only depends on the frequency at which its emitter is oscillating, it cannot be excluded that the energy of a graviton also depends on the mass of its emitter, what implies that it cannot be excluded that the constant h' depends on the nature of its source (an electron, a proton, ...) ".
Dear Antoine
Does identity of graviton (such as spin and linear energy) change or they are constant in your theory?
In my theory identity of gravitons change in interaction with each other and with other particle such as photon.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260982893_A_new_Definition_of_Graviton?ev=prf_pub
Data A new Definition of Graviton
Dear Hoessein,
The "theory of informatons" develops the hypothesis that any material object manifests itself in space by continuously emitting granular entities that run away with the speed of light, carrying "information" about the position, about the velocity and about the electric status of their emitter. Because they transport nothing else than "information", these entities are called "informatons". They are identified as the constituent elements of gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
The theory leads to the insight that gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena can be described in a perfect analogue way: the gravitational field of a point mass and the electromagnetic field of a point charge are isomorphic structures.
In particular, the study of the field of an oscillating particle reveals that the mass of that particle must generate a gravitational wave and its charge (in the case of a charged particle) an electromagnetic one. It reveals also that an oscillating particle must emit energy: the energy associated to the gravitational wave is transported by "gravitons", that associated to the electromagnetic one by "photons".
Gravitons and photons are interpreted as informatons that carry a quantum of energy. Because the carrier of the energy packet is an informaton, gravitons and electrons travel with the speed of light. Annihilation of a graviton or photon implies that the carrying informaton is depositing its energy packet and travels further as a "pure" informaton. The phenomenon of the transfer of the energy packet of a graviton or photon to an informaton that is crossing its trajectory can be interpreted as a change of (the diriction of) its linear momentum.
Dear Antoine
You have written: ".... about the velocity and about the electric status of their emitter."
In my theory, informations transfer by color cgarge and magnetic color. They move faster than light speed. Please see
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279185909_Graviton_and_Newton%27s_second_law?ev=prf_pub
This theory leads us to describe photon is made up of color charge and magnetic color. Please see
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279288309_Graviton_and_virtual_photons?ev=prf_pub
Graviton does not decay, but photons do.
Article Graviton and Newton's second law
Article Graviton and virtual photons
You say in your question: "This old view on graviton is not able to solve the gravity problem in standard model, so seems we need a new definition of graviton"
Questions like this attract posters with alternate theories. I am no exception. The idea of a "graviton" has not worked out, and it is not likely that gravity is any sort of boson-like interaction. Whether you call that a new definition, or just move on to something else, makes really little difference. The question is, can you get traction with a comprehensive theory that is empirically verifiable? I can show, for example, that my quasi-measurement could be distinguished with 2nd order light bending measurements, that there would be slightly less bending at 2nd order. What empirical test can you offer?
Dear Robert
Modern physics is based on relativity and quantum mechanics. But there are some unanswered questions or complex concepts in modern physics. The questions that modern physics does not have answers for, and the physicists believe that it is due to the inability of theories.
A new definition of graviton helps us to resolve these unanswered questions.
In fact there is a unified force/particle in nature. In other words, Force and Energy are convertible. Also according to Relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. So, Force, Energy and Mass are three manifests of a unified entity. And it leads us to change our perception about force, energy and mass.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260982893_A_new_Definition_of_Graviton?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280626794_Unified_Force_Energy_and_Mass?ev=prf_pub
Data A new Definition of Graviton
Article Unified Force, Energy and Mass
Dear Hossein, I think we should think about more simple answers and are closely related to formal logic (we should be realistic and abandon the fantasy).
You can see something about neutrinos: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282359307_TCS_Theory_-_Space_properties_quarks_and_particles-2?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273131409_The_Three-dimensional_Complex_Space_Theory_-_F._edition?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268503607_Speed_of_atomic_particles_and_physical_constants_-_Second_edition?ev=prf_pub
Data TCS Theory - Space properties quarks and particles-2
Article The Three-dimensional Complex Space Theory - F. edition
Article Speed of atomic particles and physical constants - Second edition
Dear Daniel
Thank you for your comment and suggestion.
In quantum electrodynamics (QED) a charged particle emits exchange force particles continuously. This process has no effect on the properties of a charged particle such as its mass and charge. How is it explainable? If a charged particle as a generator has an output known as a virtual photon, what will be its input?
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280150715_Modern_physics_problems_and_solutions?ev=prf_pub
Article Modern physics; problems and solutions
Why we are suddenly so particular about the properties of graviton? Because the greatest problem in modern physics is quantum gravity.
Old concepts and definitions about graviton did not approach to results, so we need a new definition of Graviton. There is also a considerable relationship between graviton and photon, in the other word, photon ineracts with graviton. So, our understanding and definition of graviton depends to photon's properties.
Massless photon is an assumption only.
Griffiths, D. (2008). Introduction to elementary particles: John Wiley & Sons pages 80-95
After 1906 Einstein have derived the second postulate of special relativity the constancy of the speed of light by assuming that the light quanta that he proposed in 1905 were massless particles.
Field, J. (2014). Einstein and Planck on mass-energy equivalence in 1905-06: a modern perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.8507
De Broglie believed that the photon has a mass
http://aflb.ensmp.fr/AFLB-333/aflb333m497.pdf
De Broglie noticed that photon mass would lead to a faster speed of violet light than that of the red one.
L. de Broglie, La mechanique ondulatoire du photon. Une nouvelle theorie de la lumiere, tome premier, Paris, 1940, pp. 39, 40.
There is an upper bound on the photon mass, although the amount is very small, but not zero.
Heeck, J. (2013). How stable is the photon? Physical review letters, 111(2), 021801
Theories and experiments have not limited to photons and graviton will also be included. For gravity there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass;
Goldhaber, A. S., & Nieto, M. M. (2010). Photon and graviton mass limits. Reviews of Modern Physics, 82(1), 939
A nonzero graviton mass would upset this remarkable agreement altering the predicted orbital decay, implying an upper limit on the graviton mass.
L. S. Finn and P. J. Sutton, “Bounding the mass of the graviton using binary pulsar observations,” Physical Review D, vol. 65, no. 4, Article ID 044022, 2002.
There is a link between the cosmological constant and the graviton mass.
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/718251/
Graviton production through photon-quark scattering at the LHC
Phys. Rev. D 91, 035017 - 2015
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.91.035017
Entangled photons are proved produce neutral bound states of photons. Of this type are also nonlinear quantum propagators able to produce Higgs quantum particle H0, Z0 boson quantum particle and massive graviton quantum particle G′.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.4856.pdf
Previously, Dirac proposed that the gravitational constant G is diminishing at the rate, where H is Hubble’s constant. While this proposal initially received much attention as a possible agent of planetary expansion and evolution, astrophysical and other evidence eventually ruled against it. Assuming that G is nearly constant on a mean universal basis, however, the possibility of recycling of gravitational energy still remains.
Here it is proposed that graviton energy is decaying to photon energy, either directly or indirectly, at a fractional rate proportional to H. Restoration of the graviton energy in the universe is at the same time attained through the conversion elsewhere of photon energy back to graviton energy as a result of the cosmic redshift. It is shown that sufficient heat can be produced by recycling of a planet’s internal gravitational potential energy to account for the observed excess heat emissions of the Earth, the other planets and the Moon. The heat production is moreover sufficient to cause expansion of planetary radii and so affords a possible basis for the expanding Earth hypothesis.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.501.6505&rep=rep1&type=pdf
To date, there is no way to explain the process that describes how particles as photon absorb gravitons. According to the results of our years-long research we can definitely say that the best way for explain this process is using color charge concept from photon properties.
This model might be called "Creative Particles of Higgs" or CPH theory. Gravitons behave like charge particles and in interaction between gravity and photons, gravitons convert to negative and positive color charges and also magnetic color. These color charges and magnetic color form the electromagnetic energy.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260982893_A_new_Definition_of_Graviton?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279185909_Graviton_and_Newton%27s_second_law?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279288309_Graviton_and_virtual_photons?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270339919_Interactions_Between_Real_and_Virtual_Spacetimes?ev=prf_pub
Data A new Definition of Graviton
Article Interactions Between Real and Virtual Spacetimes
Article Graviton and Newton's second law
Article Graviton and virtual photons
You have said what is true, dear Hossein, ”… To date, there is no way to explain the process that describes how particles as photon absorb gravitons. ..”.
We must think that there is another solution to this issue.
Dear Hossein, you have said what is true: ”… To date, there is no way to explain the process that describes how particles as photon absorb gravitons. ..”.
We must think that there is another solution to this issue.
Dear Daniel
"We must think that there is another solution to this issue" Sure, I think we should change our view on definitions and properties of graviton and photon.
There is many considerable articles whit new look on photon and graviton.
As you know graviton has not detected yet, this question arise why? Because, our physical observations and experiences are limiting by the visible universe or real spacetime. We and our tools belong to the real spacetime, and obey of its laws. So we are not able to observe or detect virtual beings. World line of real photon and virtual photon in Minkowski spacetime is the edge of real spacetime where real photon is moving in vacuum with speed . The electromagnetic radiation is blueshifted when it is falling in the gravitational field.
R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr. "Apparent Weight of Photons" Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 – Published 1 April 1960
If we want explain blueshift by using quantum mechanics concepts, we should use graviton concept. In interaction between gravity and photon (blueshift) gravitons enter into the photon structure intensity of electric and magnetic fields of photon increase. So gravitons must behave so that they are carrying the charge and magnetic effects in the structure of photon. Photon has no electric effect. There should be two groups of gravitons to neutralize electric effect of each other. A group of gravitons behaves like positive electric field and the other one behaves like negative electric field and they neutralize each other’s electric effect. But they are moving so a group of gravitons behave like magnetic field and the intensity of two vertical electric and magnetic fields increase. In fact color charge and magnetic color do form the negative and positive sub quantum energies (SQEs) and SQEs form the negative and positive virtual photons. Also a real photon is made up of the negative and positive virtual photons. It describes a background of production virtual and real photon in a flat spacetime. Also it can be use to describe the mechanism of vacuum zero point energy
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270276224_Interactions_Between_Real_and_Virtual_Spacetimes?ev=prf_pub
Article Interactions Between Real and Virtual Spacetimes
There is a lot unanswered questions and complex concepts in theoretical physics that the standard model and relativity do not have answers for and the physicists believe that it is due to the inability of theories.
Gordon Kane, "The dawn of physics beyond the standard model", Scientific American, 2003
We need to thought beyond the Standard model. Of the first we should to review our attitude on the force and acceleration in theoretical physics.
Newton and Einstein define the acceleration regardless of the structure of particles (in classical mechanics and relativity). This definition belongs to Newton era or macroscopic level era. It should be noted that the interaction between large objects (e.g. collision of two bodies) under the action of the quantum layer (in fact sub quantum level) has been done. Thus, according to quantum mechanics and mass–energy equivalence E=mc^2, we must redefine acceleration. It means we should review the relativistic Newton's second law.
There are a lot unanswered questions and complex concepts in theoretical physics that the standard model and relativity do not have answers for and the physicists believe that it is due to the inability of theories.
Standard model of particle physics describes the fundamental particles, fermions and their interactions with one notable exception graviton. Any imagination of space without gravity effect (or graviton from quantum mechanical perspective), is away from the physical reality. The vacuum of space is not empty. In fact, quantum theory predicts that it teems with virtual particles flitting in and out of existence.
C. Wilson, et al., "Observation of the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit", Nature, 479(7373), 376-379, 2011
In QED, charged particles can emit and absorb virtual photons. Although these virtual photons can’t be observed directly, but the uncertainty principle overcomes this problem. By using review of relativistic Newton's second law we can explain zero point energy and vacuum energy directly (without using the uncertainty principle). Also, it is a powerful tool to answer the unanswered questions and complex concepts in theoretical physics. According to the special relativity theory, nothing moves faster than light speed. Also, boundary between visible particle and invisible particles is light speed, where real space-time and virtual spacetime intertwine and interact with other. To do this, the following items are done;
* Review of quantum vacuum and reconsidering the relativistic Newton's second law.
* Describing the mechanism of virtual and real photon’s production in a quantum
vacuum without using the uncertainty principle. There is much evidence that shows a quantum vacuum produces real photon.
http://www.gizmag.com/scientists-create-real-protons-from-virtual-ones/20689
Suppose graviton exists, If this attitude be able resolve the unanswered physics problems and works well, then we should accept that graviton exists, and it is an alternative for theory of everything. So please see following articles:
Unified Force, Energy and Mass
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280626794_Unified_Force_Energy_and_Mass?ev=prf_pub
Graviton and Newton's second law
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279185909_Graviton_and_Newton%27s_second_law?ev=prf_pub
Graviton and virtual photons
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279288309_Graviton_and_virtual_photons?ev=prf_pub
Graviton and cosmology equations, before the Big Bang
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279446746_Graviton_and_cosmology_equations_before_the_Big_Bang?ev=prf_pub
Graviton: physical time and thermodynamics
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279531060_Graviton_physical_time_and_thermodynamics?ev=prf_pub
Graviton: Virtual photon and Quantum Chromodynamics
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113834_Graviton_Virtual_photon_and_Quantum_Chromodynamics?ev=prf_pub
Modern physics; problems and solutions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280150715_Modern_physics_problems_and_solutions?ev=prf_pub
In addition, my opinion about the alternative for theory of everything, is not so new please see following article:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260985279_LEIBNIZ%27S_MONADS_AND_JAVADI%27S_CPH
Will we find a theory of everything? If so, what is a theory of everything? If no, what is your reason? - ResearchGate. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Will_we_find_a_theory_of_everything_If_so_what_is_a_theory_of_everything_If_no_what_is_your_reason [accessed Nov 10, 2015].
Article Unified Force, Energy and Mass
Article Graviton and Newton's second law
Article Graviton and virtual photons
Article Graviton and cosmology equations, before the Big Bang
Article Graviton: physical time and thermodynamics
Article Graviton: Virtual photon and Quantum Chromodynamics
Article Modern physics; problems and solutions
Data LEIBNIZ'S MONADS AND JAVADI'S CPH
Hi dear all:
The question is: How do we know that space-time is a curvature?
Because, the experience shows that the path of light is not direct in gravitational field and it’s in fact a curvature.
But, there is no matter in the space, however, there exist effect of mass (material) in the space that is called gravitation. On the other hand, according to quantum field theories, the carrier of gravitational force is Graviton. Therefore, in order to describe the curvature of space-time, we must investigate interaction between Graviton and photon.
Thus, to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity, there is just one way and that is investigating the physical phenomena by means of Graviton. From one side, since the old definition of Graviton could not solve this problem, CPH theory solved this problem by a new definition of Graviton.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309153372_What_is_CPH_Theory?ev=prf_pub
Article What is CPH Theory?
The Dirac equation is not only for the high-energy photon and pair production electron-positron, in fact Dirac Sea can be generalized to all of space. This means that all objects / particles in the universe, are immersed in the Dirac Sea.
In spite of publishing many articles about graviton, but it has not been done any considerable work about mechanism of graviton exchange between bodies/particles. The reason is that the old graviton definition (in modern physics) is unable to describe this mechanism and also it is impossible to get the theory of the quantum gravity. In this article with reconsidering physical phenomena, a new definition of graviton is given which by its using; the mechanism of graviton exchange between bodies/particle is described and surveyed.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310003753_The_Mechanism_of_Graviton_Exchange_between_Bodies
Article The Mechanism of Graviton Exchange between Bodies, Part I
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