1. Talking about classifying our knowledges when modeling, determining equations, etc…

As we might not all know, Philosophy governs Physics and other Empirical Sciences in its sphere of competencies, why we have the letters PhD. For example, one of the functions of Epistemology is to classify our knowledges. At first sight, it is hard to believe that it is going to help a scientist for a person that is not doing scientific works everyday.

Scientists, just like a mechanics, needs to use the proper tool(s) for the proper job(s). So, just because of that, it is important to classify the elementary constituents. A more grounded example, it is dangerous to search the unknown with a Principle of Physics that refers to something that is not part of the Periodic Table of Elements (example: Joules). So, one has to either remember the level of trust of all of its work or classify its knowledges systematically. The latter is recommended, just for the reason that it can be used by others later. There are many other advantages!

THE PURPOSE OF THIS POST IS TO ALLOW SCIENTISTS TO DISCUSS ABOUT EPISTEMOLOGY, FOR THOSE WHO ARE INTERESTED BY THE SUBJECT.

THIS EXAMPLE DOES NOT COVER ALL TYPE OF MEASUREMENTS AND MODELINGS, JUST THE ONE IN RELATION TO THE PERIODIC TABLE.

2. The safest description of Nature that exists (Periodic Table of Elements, Figure #1)

In my case, I use the Periodic Table of Elements as the “safest” description of Nature that we have as of today. We can see a sample in Figure #1.

Naturally, I know that we have progressed a lot with the Standard Model of Particle Physics but for the example of classifying the knowledges, the Periodic Table of Elements is more than enough. The periodic table of Elements refers to the Atomic Model, where the protons, neutrons and Electrons define the Element in question. All the basic properties are listed and we can also have the radii of proton, neutron and electron. Visually, it gives something like this for the Isotope 16 of Oxygen, as per figure #2.

See figure #2 attached to this post.

3. Why do we need to attach ourselves to a representation of Nature

One of the reasons why we need to attach ourselves to a representation of Nature is:

- The Periodic Table of Elements determines what we can measure and what we cannot measure. No, we can not measure Tesla, it is calculated from Volts and Amps!!! When drawing conclusions, one has to remember that.

So, according to the Periodic Table of Elements, we can only measure macroscopically:

1. Volts

2. Amps

Why? Because we are composed of point charged particles in the name of protons, neutrons and electrons. There is no magnetic charge. The only magnetic effect that is created is due to the spin of electrons (which is movement of electrical charge). So, according to the Periodic Table of Elements, only charges and movement of charges can be detected by most measuring instruments. For example, one can not measure Joule with any human instrument(s) that exists. If an instrument gives you a reding in J, it is because it makes a calculation, as Nature is made with point charged particles, dot. My Academy arrived to very interesting results concerning magnetism and electrical charges. All this has been possible by working in a structured manner.

In the same manner, if an instrument gives you measurement in Teslas, it is not directly measured. It is a calculation. Without falling into this other subject, it is one of the “problems” with Maxwell’s Equations. He uses calculations to prove other calculations. I have made a work on the subject that I intend to publish. It clarifies a lot of incorrect understandings of these equations.

In my Academy, I have completed the Periodic Table of Elements and made another model that uses only 1 Fundamental Interaction. I expect to release this model somewhere in the near future. It was at the foundation of one of my scientific projects that has been misunderstood in 2013.

4. What are the consequences of “a nature made with point charged particles” on modeling and classifying our knowledges?

If one can only measure volts and amps, then all the measurement that are not volts and amps are calculations and might refer to something that does not exist in Nature. It will be extremely important to remember this when classifying our knowledges. Indeed, anything that is not in amps or volts is not provable, even if we always get the right results when we do the experiments. Why? We can only measure Volts and Amps, or if you prefer, point charged particles or combinations of point charged particles. At atomic and sub-atomic levels, we have to make little adjustments. I will not cover it in this text (it is already a bit long).

The case of time. When looking at figure #2, the scientist will notice that we only exist at point defined by protons, neutrons and electrons. Hence, it is impossible to determine the atomic distances without DETERMINING C. In my Academy, we all think that C has been determined since it cannot be measured. Time is a problem in Physics for us. It comes due to Human Intuitions. We still have not fixed this problem. It is the same problems, no matter which element we take. This will evidently be the same problems no matter which molecule we take. Indeed, since we can not identify a photon with 100% certainty, it is technically impossible to determine time accurately other than if C is a determined value.

5. The elementary constituents that I defined according to the Periodic Table of Elements & References (Poincaré, 1905) (Sagault, 2009)

1. Measurements or Facts.

2. Principles of Physics are only 100% true in known Physics. Outside of known Physics, it might also be true but we can not be sure. Indeed, a Principle of Physics can not be proven since it refers to something that does not exist in Nature. This would be the case for Elementary Constituents related to Energy, since Energy is not a measured value but a calculated value. What is the nuance Dr Painchaud? The result of a Principle of Physics is not described by the Periodic Table of Elements so it does not exist in Nature. Time is another good example. Hence, even if it is highly logical, it can not be proven.

3. Laws of Physics are always true, dot. If one day a Law of Physics becomes untrue, then it means that the Periodic Table of Elements is not entirely true. Hence, Laws of physics will refer to any generalization (usually, an equation) that can be measured in volts and amps. Any generalization that can not be measured in volts and amps will then become a Principle of Physics because one can only obtain by converting amps into something that is not described by the Periodic Table of Elements.

4. Models of Physics, like the Periodic Table of Elements (Atomic Model) or the Standard Model of Particle Physics. A model of Physics can use Law(s) of Physics, Principle(s) of Physics or fact(s). Its level of trust will generally be attributed in function of the lowest elementary constituents used in the Model. At the end of the day, if the result(s) forecasted by the Model are described by the Periodic Table of Elements, then the level of trust can be equal to the Level of a Law of Physics, as it can be measured in volts or amps. It needs to be analyzed and determined with rigorous method(s). This depends on the leader of the Academy in question.

5. Theories of Physics, that are more for research than for application when it is released.

A good example would be the very well-known Theories of Professor Albert Einstein from Princeton.

6. The name given to a fundamental knowledge of an Empirical Science is:

- Elementary Constituent.

Based on the above reasoning, my Academy has defined the following ranking for elementary constituents:

1. Facts: Any observation(s) that we make within the frame of an empirical science of nature.

2. Principles: Like the Principle of Thermodynamics.

3. Laws: Like any of the Laws of Physics.

4. Models: Atomic Models (Periodic Table of Elements) or the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

5. Theories: Like Einstein Theories of Relativity.

7. A little bit of extra work to better describe the importance of the ranking of elementary constituents

In the very well-known and respected Special Theory of Relativity, Professor Einstein postulated that:

1. Laws of Physics are the same in all Inertial Frames of Reference.

2. The speed of light has a constant value of C

The first postulate might look evident but one can not subordinate Laws of Physics to a “logical sentence”. Laws of Physics are always true, dot. The way each scientist applies the Laws is another story. In my opinion, it is a structural mistake. But, since Professor Einstein is well-known for being among the cleverest humans, I forecasted a little margin of errors in my reasoning.

The superb work of Special Relativity felt in the “Theories of Physics”, as it was more intended for SR&ED at the time of releases than for practical day to day purposes.

8. A practical example to remember

I saw some scientists that are searching the unknown with Principles of Physics, like conservation of Energy (first Principle of Thermodynamics). There is no problem to do that BUT one should remember that a Principle of Physics is NOT PROVABLE. Searching the unknown based on Conservation of Energy is dangerous and exposes the scientist to wrong conclusions or wrong interpretations of results. Again, Joule is a unit that is not measured, it is calculated. Why Conservation of Energy is always true in known-Physics only. It does not mean that it is not true in unknown-Physics but one has to remember that it might induce the scientists in error if it is not true for a particular case.

9. Finally

I saw some scientists and engineers that are measuring Magnetic Fields. I know they know but these values are calculated values. Per the Periodic Table of Elements, we can only measure volts and amps.

The French Academy are much better structured than other Academies, in my modest opinion. The Ecole Normale and other Universities across France are doing a very well, per what I have read on this subject.

10. Bibliography, preliminary. If there is a lot of interests, I will add more good references on the subject.

Poincaré, H. (1905). Science and Hypothesis. New York: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., Ltd.

Sagault, P. (2009). Introduction à la pensée scientifique moderne. Paris: Université Pierre et Marie Curie.

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