There are many differences between them in general intellectual, epistemological and cultural characteristics.
Among the important sources on the subject is the book of Dr. Abd al-Salam al-Masdi (Foundational Investigations in Linguistics).
Yes, why not , in one hand the traditional Arabic linguistic theory made according to Muslim & the middle east culture , religion, people characteristics, how this people known the world. Arabic is a very complicated language that can be use as an international scientific language for all over the world. on the other hand i agree with you that Arabic linguistic have different epistemology & methodology.but Arabic can work & solve muslims people problem in international laguage.
well there is what we called universality when it comes to linguistic theories wherein it can be adaptable to any languages yet, the specificity, complexity, and variation relies in the context of language used and the group of users.