I need to prepare 1.5% suspension solution of CNC for production of bioplastic. how can i prepare it? Thank you! I am going to add here the reference I am using for the isolation of CNC and for the production of bioplastic. the two procedures will be use for production with some changes on raw materials. Thank you!
Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Bleached kraft OPEFB pulp (pulp-A) was purified with 4%
NaOH at 60 °C for 4 h to remove hemicellulose and other
impurities, and then washed with deionized water until the
pH was neutral. The resultant pulp was denoted as pulp-
B. Pulp-B was then treated with hot water. The pulp was
swelled by soaking in deionized water at 60 °C for 2 h, and
the resultant pulp was denoted as pulp-C (Fig. 1).
The three different pulps (pulp-A, -B, and -C) were hydrolyzed
with hydrochloric acid. A 5.0-g portion of each pulp was suspended in 100 mL of 3 M HCl at 80 °C, and the mixture
was continuously stirred for 2 h while the temperature
was maintained at 80 °C [13]. The hydrolysis was quenched
by adding 500 mL of cold deionized water. The resultant
suspensions were filtered through a Buchner funnel, and
then washed with approximately 2.5 L of deionized water
until the pH became neutral. The residue was re-suspended
in 500 mL of deionized water and treated in a household
blender for 30 min at 10,000 rpm. The as-prepared cellulose
suspension was centrifuged at 4000×g for 20 min (Kubota
Table Top Centrifuge Model 4000, Kubota Corporation,
Tokyo, Japan) at room temperature to remove micrometersized
fractions, and the turbid supernatant was collected as
a CNC suspension. The suspension was then centrifuged at
11,400×g for 20 min (TOMY Hybrid Refrigerated Centrifuge
CAX-571, TOMY Digital Biology Co. Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan) at 25 °C to obtain concentrated CNCs. The collected
CNCs were then dialyzed with a cellulose nitrate tube for 3
days. Subsequently, 300-mL portions (0.5 wt%) of the CNC
suspensions were treated with an ultrasonic homogenizer
(VP-5S, Taitec, Saitama, Japan) at 19.5 kHz with a 100%
output power for 30 min. All the resulting suspensions were
freeze-dried to afford white aerogels. The yields were calculated
based on the dry weight of the starting pulps. The
resulting CNCs were denoted as CNC-A, CNC-B and CNCC,
corresponding to the starting pulps. For comparison, a
CNC derived from wood pulp (denoted as CNC-wood) was
also analyzed, which was kindly supplied by Paper Company
in Japan.
Preparation and optimization of PVA/CNCs hydrogel membranes
The PVA/CNC hydrogel membranes were prepared using a solution casting method,
while citric acid was used as a chemical safe crosslinker.
Aqueous solutions of (10%, w/v) PVA was dissolved in hot distilled
water at 80 °C for 3 h, and suspension solution of (1.5%, w/v) CNCs
were mixed at various volume ratios; (PVA: CNCs) of (80:20, 60:40,
and 50:50, respectively) under constant stirring for 3 h at 50 °C. A
1.0ml of glycerol was added as a plasticizer for each membrane sample
and 2% (w/v) (~0.3 g) of CA crosslinker was well dissolved in the PVA/
CNCs mixture and stirred for further 1 h at room temperature. PVA/
CNCs/CA solution was ultra-sonicated for 30 min avoiding any heat,
and then resultant homogeneous solution was poured in a plastic Petri
dish, followed by drying in an oven at 80 °C for 18 h.
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