At what level can it be calculated? At what level can it not be calculated? Under the condition of robot education, how to deal with emotional education?
Emotions can be measured in various ways (physiological and psychophysiological indicators, structured interviews, self-reports, scales, questionnaires, inventories, tests, semantic differentials, analytics, etc.) ... but I think that the question should not be whether they can or do not measure (WHOSE ANSWER IS, EVIDENTLY, YES!), if not WHAT KIND OR WHAT EMOTIONS ARE WE TALKING ABOUT? .
Emotions can be measured in various ways (physiological and psychophysiological indicators, structured interviews, self-reports, scales, questionnaires, inventories, tests, semantic differentials, analytics, etc.) ... but I think that the question should not be whether they can or do not measure (WHOSE ANSWER IS, EVIDENTLY, YES!), if not WHAT KIND OR WHAT EMOTIONS ARE WE TALKING ABOUT? .
There are many theories of the emotions and their measures. For Bhudda, Freud, Schacter and Singer (1962) and Lacan emotions in general are deceptive, that is they are used to lie both to others and the to the subject. The two exceptions for Lacan are anxiety and disgust. Anxiety is relatively easy to identify and always indicates that the subject's desire is at stake. Disgust is always the the subject's judgement that the other is enjoying excessively. Beware of measures of other emotions and their claims to truth.
There are numerous studies on emotion detection by image processing of facial expressions. You may look at these papers.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8285365
https://rdcu.be/cfz9G
Article Facial expression (mood) recognition from facial images usin...
Emotions are physical and instinctive, instantly prompting bodily reactions to threat, reward, and everything in between. The bodily reactions can be measured objectively by pupil dilation (eye tracking), skin conductance (EDA/GSR), brain activity (EEG, fMRI), heart rate (ECG), and facial expressions.
How to Measure Emotions and Feelings (And the Difference Between Them)
Bryn Farnsworth, Ph.D
Please read these articles:
Measures of emotion: A review By :Iris B. Mauss and Michael D. Robinson
How to measure emotions - I
BY PATRICK ZIMMERMAN
emotions and motivations occur at the sub-cortical regions of the brain such as the limbic. They can be mediated at the cortex and prefrontal regions. Clinicians can only measure intensity as we do w/ pain as each are highly subjective.
Emotional expression is also mediated at a cultural context referred to as "display rules".
Rich
If someone feels sexual jealousy (for example) is that within a single expression, discovered within parts of the brain, or a consequence of cultural demands? An action producing a response that coheres to or with expectations and thereby is not a given with all human beings. In other words, an emotion comes from several points and is negotiated by both subject and object and is not primary or reactive but representative reflecting on a number of points.
For certain people in certain situations it could be the case I guess.
Highly recommend to read this published paper:
https://www.unige.ch/cisa/files/6914/6720/3988/2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf
Might be, collection of various statistical data ( machine learning ) can help for taking the decision, which kind of emotion is dominant at some moment.
Thank you for your valuable suggestions. In fact, my question can also be asked in another way: can artificial intelligence fully simulate human emotions? Because AI is fundamentally an algorithm, I ask, "can emotion be calculated?"? I didn't expect that the question was understood as "can emotion be measured"? However, there is also an inherent link between the two issues. Thank you again
Conversely, self-driving car also should calculate with some emotions. You can read recent papers of Kaoru Hirota.
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