INTEGRATED PROCESSES FOR REMOVAL OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS: SOIL WASHING AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES COMBINED TO A POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL POST-TREATMENT
This thesis explored a new, integrated approach for PAHs remediation: soil washing/flushing processes combined with an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) in a recirculation loop (to save extracting agents) and/or a biological post-treatment step (to minimize energy cost). Two EAOPs were compared: electro-Fenton (EF) and anodic oxidation (AO). Platinum (EF process) anodes and boron-doped diamond (in both treatments) anodes are the respective electrodes employed to recycle effluents. The extraction efficiency of HPCD (hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin) was compared to the traditional nonionic surfactant Tween 80 in synthetic and real soil washing solutions. HPCD proved the more advantageous solution for extraction agent recovery, biodegradability evolution of effluent, and energy consumption during EAOP; however, Tween 80 was much more efficient in terms of extraction efficiency, costs of extracting agents, and impact on soil respirometry. Overall, Tween 80 still appears to be the better favored soil washing option.