Please let me know if there is any standard reference for
1. Max and Min load acting on a heart valve (artificial/real).
Are the max and Min values acting on the valve disc 120 and 80 mm Hg?
2. Types and orientation of loads/pressure acting on a valve during opening and closing operation (eg: aortic valve)
In addition to the disc and wall supports, will there be any additional forces.....
3. Bio-mechanics of heart valve (free body diagram, external loads, internal reactions etc)
Hi Subhash,
1. that depends on the valve you're looking at.
120mmHg is the aortic pressure during end-systole. The aortic valve is open, thus there is no load on it (if wall shear stress or other are neglected). The main load on this valve is reached shortly after valve closure. Here is a picture were you can see some pressure gradients during the heart cycle: http://howmed.net/physiology/cardiac-cycle/ The max load on the aortic valve occurs after valve closure (pAorta - pLeftVentricle: ~100 mmHg).
Another question is if you are looking at healthy or diseased hearts.
2+3. You can find several publications on this topic I guess. Maybe start with the book 'Biomechanics - Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues' or '
Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth', both by Yuan-Cheng Fung
Some years ago we studied the load on aortic mechanical heart valve rings implanted in pigs.
Subsequently we have published some papers on mechanical load on mitral valves:
Hasenkam JM, Nygaard H, Paulsen PK, Kim WY, Kromann Hansen O: What force can the myocardium generate on a prosthetic mitral valve ring? An animal experimental study. The Journal of Heart Valve Disease 1994; 3(3): 324-329.
Jensen MØ, Jensen H, Nielsen SL, Smerup M, Johansen P, Yoganathan AP, Nygaard H, Hasenkam MJ.What Forces Act on a Flat Rigid Mitral Annuloplasty Ring? The Journal of Heart Valve Disease, 2008, 17: 267-275.
I have not included all references - just follow names on PubMed
Hi Subhash,
I would suggest to look at the work of Pascal Verdonk and Jan (A) Vierendeels from my institution. These engineers did a lot of haemodynamic in vitro studies on artificial valves throughout the years.
Best regards, Thierry
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