What are the reasons for the talented people to migrate from their country?
What are the consequences of such migrations especially on the social, political, educational and economic sectors?
What policies can be adopted to prevent such migrations from developing countries to developed countries?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such movements from developing countries?
Brain drain is the migration of skilled human resources for trade, education, etc. Trained health professionals are needed in every part of the world. However, better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries. This is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries. These countries have invested in the education and training of young health professionals. This translates into a loss of considerable resources when these people migrate, with the direct benefit accruing to the recipient states who have not forked out the cost of educating them. The intellectuals of any country are some of the most expensive resources because of their training in terms of material cost and time, and most importantly, because of lost opportunity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275994/
If you question Researchgate you get a lot of questions and articles on this topic. See examples:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_impact_of_brain_drain_on_developing_economies
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222674258_Brain_Drain_and_Economic_Growth
Article Brain Drain and Economic Growth
The geographical distribution of health workers is skewed towards urban and wealthier areas. The reasons for health worker shortages is complex, in sub-Saharan Africa, for example, this has been attributed to past investment shortfalls in pre-service training, international migration, career changes among health workers and premature retirement. In 2005 it was estimated that 25% of all doctors and 5% of all nurses trained in sub-Saharan Africa had emigrated to work in OECD member countries). Demographic and epidemiological transitions drive changes in health worker needs, social, welfare and financial policies. Technological advances and consumer expectations can also dramatically shift demands on the health workforce who may seek opportunities and job security in other labour markets that are part of the global political economy. Shifting labour markets have intensified professional concentrations in urban areas and accelerated international migration from the poor to wealthier countries where there are resources to pay for health workers. The consequent workforce crisis is characterized by severe staff shortages, inappropriate skill mixes and gaps in service delivery.
Hi M.J - Glenn has responded with an articulate answer to your question. It is, indeed, a complex situation. You ask what are the advantages and the disadvantages. To me - the obvious advantage is that talented people can expand their talent by working with colleagues who are also talented and have experienced 'advanced techniques and technologies' that might not be available in their host and home nations. The obvious disadvantage would be that these talented individuals would not return to their host/home country to benefit that nation that may have endorsed and supported them to undertake such a task - and this adds to what is refereed to as the universal phenomenon of 'brain drain'. One cannot blame those that want to better themselves and then, consequently, improve conditions for their nearest and dearest by remaining in the 'wealthier' county. However, this may not necessarily result in improved working conditions. Many Westernised health care systems are under immense pressure because of an ageing workforce and a longer-acing society etc.
You can read these publications
Article Brain drain from developing countries: How can brain drain b...
Chapter Emigration from Italy After the Crisis: The Shortcomings of ...
Article Medical brain drain from Maghreb to Northern countries : for...
Thesis AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BRAIN DRAIN ON ...
Article Debating Brain Drain. May Governments Restrict Emigration? B...
Working Paper The European Politics of Brain Drain: A Fast or Slow-Burning Crisis?
Article Effects of Brain Drain on the South African Health Sector; A...
Article Brain Drain of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Countermeasures
These links may help you
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/reassessing-impacts-brain-drain-developing-countries
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02929029
https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1093/wber/lhm008?journalCode=wber
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/01/why-us-brain-drain-harms-developing-countries-201411553847358568.html
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v230/n5289/abs/230087a0.html?foxtrotcallback=true
http://thearabdailynews.com/2016/10/19/egypts-brain-drain/
http://egyptsbraindrain.weebly.com/
https://prezi.com/syepwhxvhhqq/egypts-brain-drain/
Article The Egyptian “Brain Drain”: A Multidimensional Problem
Article Medical Education in Nepal and Brain Drain
After all the bibliography that you have, I can only say that the brain drain is generated mainly by the high rate of unemployment, at least in Spain.
Brain drain is very serious in developing countries and it is really harmful for the development of developing countries. Globalization has made very easy for the brain drain too. Its human nature, and according to the Push and Pull theory of migration, poverty unemployment political instability pushes people from their own country and on the other hand employment opportunity, income opportunity, political stability, social security etc of developed country is pulling. 21st century developed country are in plus situation from this brain drain problem of developing countries.
Brain drain is a disaster for undeveloped and developing countries. Due to lack of any job opportunities, the talented people choose to leave their homeland to stay in a better situation. The developed nations especially the US learn how to use these individuals.
Dear Laverack, Glodeanu, Whitehead, Hammad, Arriazu, Chalise, Hernandez,
Thank you very much for your valuable answers and comments. I will use your comments.
Migration often is seen too negative although major countries have been and are major destinations for migrants such as the USA, Canada, Australia. It is correct that countries might loose human resources, and skills, but they also get remittances, and possibly skills and capital when migrants after many years decide to return. India is trying to attract its Non-Residential Indians (NRIs). Countries with good educational systems also experience that frustration of those who have good qualifications, but don’t find appropriate employment, decline. Well educated young people, who cannot find appropriate work, are often the source of frustration and violence. Emigration can serve as a pressure valve.
Worthy to read this article given in the below link
Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/causes-and-effects-of-brain-drain-in-developing-economics-essay.php
Brain drain is the migration of skilled human resources for trade, education, etc. Trained health professionals are needed in every part of the world. However, better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries. This is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries. These countries have invested in the education and training of young health professionals. This translates into a loss of considerable resources when these people migrate, with the direct benefit accruing to the recipient states who have not forked out the cost of educating them. The intellectuals of any country are some of the most expensive resources because of their training in terms of material cost and time, and most importantly, because of lost opportunity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275994/
Life-time is limited and well educated people are exercising their human preferences. I do think that it is legitimate to vote with your feet; brain drain does maybe not make for happier humans, because it comes with high psychological stress for the migrant, but staying at home can make you even more frustated, given the many crony economies on this globe. Changing your place can change your destiny, speaking in Biblical terms.
Dear Ahmed Al mayahi,
Thank you very much for your valuable description.
Regards,
Javad
Serbia has been ranked number 1 country in the world by brain drain!
Last year, the president of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences (SANU), Vladimir Kostic warned that Serbia was ranked first in the world by brain drain, according to the report compiled by the World Economic Forum, and added that in 10 to 15 years there could be a serious deficit of available workforce with higher education...
http://serbianmonitor.com/en/featured/34712/brain-drain-to-bring-young-serbs-back/
Brain drain is caused by poor policies, lack of jobs, corruption and social inequalities. Other reasons include favoritism, bad government, poor pay, lack of basic infrastructure to name a few. The consequences include: retardation of the country where they are leaving, poverty, lack of qualified manpower, etc. To solve the problem, these reasons enumerated earlier should be met.
What are the reasons for the talented people to migrate from their country?
Reasons can be pull or push factor e.g.:
What are the consequences of such migrations especially on the social, political, educational and economic sectors?
Consequences to source countries include:
What policies can be adopted to prevent such migrations from developing countries to developed countries?
Some viable policies to prevent such migration include:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such movements from developing countries?
For disadvantages, please refer to answers above for the 2nd question. Not sure there is real advantages when there is brain drain from developing countries other than the government / authority try to promote single identity for a group of people or more homogeneous society without diversity.
Dear Ebadi,
Yes, It is truth that talented people to migrate from their countries to developed countries because of multi factorial resigns personal to social, political, educational and economical resigns. It is a bitter loss of developing countries but only advantage is that it make the world cosmopolitan
thanks
Dear Dharmesh Chandra Sharma,
Thank you very much for your helpful answer.
Regards,
Javad.
Dear Han Ping Fung ,
Thank you very much for your valuable answers. I utterly agree with you.
Regrades,
Javad.
Dear Ljubomir Jacić,
I thought this matter happens in countries like Iran, Iraq, and other countries in the middle east.
Thank you very much for your anwer.
Regards,
Javad.
Dear Emeka W. Dumbili,
Sure, your reasons are some of the main reasons. Thanks for your answer.
Regards,
Javad.
Brain drain in the Western Balkans!
“It seems to me that you mostly export young people. You should find a way to keep them and export other goods more” - US ambassador to Serbia, Michael Kirby
The causes of brain drain in the region are diverse and numerous. The 2014 IMF Working Paper notes weak performance of the labour market which results in high unemployment rates and societal transformations in the process of transition and EU integration. However, these are just the tip of the iceberg. The more concerning trend, noted in recent research of the Council of Europe (final version to be available in April 2015) is politicization of youth and the resulting decline in their political engagement.
Active participation in political parties as a way of securing a job, problems of nepotism and promotion on basis of non-professional criteria are taken for granted in the region. These conditions, though disturbing, nevertheless underline corruption and other internal causes of the phenomenon of brain drain. In relation to youth, they are a necessary evil for those who stay and an additional reason to leave for those who have the option to do so...
https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/bilsana-bibic/brain-drain-in-western-balkans
It depends on many factors including: security situation, total monthly salary, freedom in expressing your ideas, ..etc, and this phenomenon is spreading in middle east countries like Syria, Iraq,....
Regards, Emad
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research/innovation. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research/innovation. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research/innovation. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research/innovation. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research/innovation. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research/innovation. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Generally it is the case that more skilled or talented people tend to move to more developed (more highly paid) countries/regions, while in reality it may not be the case, for example, when China's economy expands and salary level gets higher, she draws more and more overseas students (those who choose to pursue their tertiary education in North America and Europe, etc.) back to their mother country to start businese or establish their research. The current situation is that China is among the top creative countries in the world. Of course, within the country imbalance does exist between the Eastern regions (more developed) and Central and Western regions.
Brain drain is the migration of skilled human resources for trade, education, better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries. This is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries. These countries have invested in the education and training of young health professionals. This translates into a loss of considerable resources when these people migrate, with the direct benefit accruing to the recipient states who have not forked out the cost of educating them. Effects of Brain Drain on the Home Country especially in a developing country are: •Loss of tax revenue •Loss of potential future entrepreneurs •A shortage of important, skilled workers •The exodus may lead to loss of confidence in the economy, which will cause persons to desire to leave rather than stay •Loss of innovative ideas •Loss of the country's investment in education •The loss of critical health and education services One way that governments can keep its skilled workers is to ensure that citizens feel safe and to take steps to stimulate economic activity. Other solutions include higher wages, creating a better educational system so that citizens do not have to go overseas for higher education. Also, when paying for higher education, governments can withhold the award of the degree until the individual returns and agrees to work in the home country.
Brain drain is the migration of skilled human resources for trade, education, better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries. This is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries. These countries have invested in the education and training of young health professionals. This translates into a loss of considerable resources when these people migrate, with the direct benefit accruing to the recipient states who have not forked out the cost of educating them. Effects of Brain Drain on the Home Country especially in a developing country are: •Loss of tax revenue •Loss of potential future entrepreneurs •A shortage of important, skilled workers •The exodus may lead to loss of confidence in the economy, which will cause persons to desire to leave rather than stay •Loss of innovative ideas •Loss of the country's investment in education •The loss of critical health and education services One way that governments can keep its skilled workers is to ensure that citizens feel safe and to take steps to stimulate economic activity. Other solutions include higher wages, creating a better educational system so that citizens do not have to go overseas for higher education. Also, when paying for higher education, governments can withhold the award of the degree until the individual returns and agrees to work in the home country.
Brain drain is the migration of skilled human resources for trade, education, better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries. This is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries. These countries have invested in the education and training of young health professionals. This translates into a loss of considerable resources when these people migrate, with the direct benefit accruing to the recipient states who have not forked out the cost of educating them. Effects of Brain Drain on the Home Country especially in a developing country are: •Loss of tax revenue •Loss of potential future entrepreneurs •A shortage of important, skilled workers •The exodus may lead to loss of confidence in the economy, which will cause persons to desire to leave rather than stay •Loss of innovative ideas •Loss of the country's investment in education •The loss of critical health and education services One way that governments can keep its skilled workers is to ensure that citizens feel safe and to take steps to stimulate economic activity. Other solutions include higher wages, creating a better educational system so that citizens do not have to go overseas for higher education. Also, when paying for higher education, governments can withhold the award of the degree until the individual returns and agrees to work in the home country.
Brain drain is the migration of skilled human resources for trade, education, better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries. This is of growing concern worldwide because of its impact on the health systems in developing countries. These countries have invested in the education and training of young health professionals. This translates into a loss of considerable resources when these people migrate, with the direct benefit accruing to the recipient states who have not forked out the cost of educating them. Effects of Brain Drain on the Home Country especially in a developing country are: •Loss of tax revenue •Loss of potential future entrepreneurs •A shortage of important, skilled workers •The exodus may lead to loss of confidence in the economy, which will cause persons to desire to leave rather than stay •Loss of innovative ideas •Loss of the country's investment in education •The loss of critical health and education services One way that governments can keep its skilled workers is to ensure that citizens feel safe and to take steps to stimulate economic activity. Other solutions include higher wages, creating a better educational system so that citizens do not have to go overseas for higher education. Also, when paying for higher education, governments can withhold the award of the degree until the individual returns and agrees to work in the home country.
Too many redudant (repeated) answers ( Matthew Yu - 11x and Jyoti - 4x)! It seems that Researchgate faces some problems!
Dear @Jyoti, why do you make plagiarism! Academics do not do it! Your answer comes from this article.
Article Brain drain from developing countries: How can brain drain b...
Brain drain is result of deficiency of needful infrastructure for development of S&T as well as such culture in a society. Brain drain is useful to both developed and developing country as it benefits society in form of development of technology.
Yes brain drain is very common in the developing countries largely because of high incidence of unemployment, lackof basic infrastructure which always result into exodus of best brains, experts leaving the countries for a greener pastures regardless of the challenges they may be exposed to over there.
Thank you
Brain drain from developing to developed countries can be minimized when the developing countries themselves take remedial action by providing opportunities or their people who return fter training abroad. This used to happen when their economic, political and social systems were more stable.However, the situation can hardly be stopped completely as long opportunities abroad are better. Even the approach adopted by Japan after World War II may not be feasible now.
@Ahmed Al Mayahi: Agree with your reasons and observations on brain drain. I would only add that sometimes a system fails to provide opportunity to skilled people due to corruptions and narrow-mindedness of persons at top positions. Governments may sometimes ask to pay money for expenditure made as education to an indidividual.
Brain drain sometimes is result of hopelessness from the system in a country.
The point of answering this question was to bring to limelight several causes and their effects too.I went through the literature and added my answer.
Copying was not my intention.
I was trying to send the link but failed to do so and it resulted in sending my answer repeately.
As per Indian scenario,enormous population,lack of job opportunities and predominantly the reservation in all spheres has led the deserving youth to shift to countries with good career and future options.
Dr Lois Labrianidis addresses the brain drain phenomenon and the platform connecting Greeks from all over the world ...
The term brain drain refers to the migration of highly educated personnel to countries abroad for what is usually long-term professional employment at research and scientific centres or businesses. We should remember that the brain drain is not an exclusively Greek phenomenon, especially as regards the less developed countries.
In contrast, the more developed countries are experiencing what is known as 'brain circulation'. In this case, there is a balance between graduates moving from one country to another, meaning that there is no loss of highly educated personnel. The growing importance of knowledge-intensive activities for the economy, culture and cultural progress of any country is the major reason that initiatives to attract scientists are introduced internationally and academics as well as governments are paying more attention to the phenomenon...
http://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Building-knowledge-and-partnership-bridges-with-Greece
Interesting previous responses about this topic : https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_do_you_think_about_brain_drain
Dear M. J. Ebadi,
Brain drain is an admitted fact, especially from developing to developed countries, or it also goes from low paid to high paid opportunities. However, my humble opinion is that brain drain should be discouraged. If brain drain continues, how developing countries will catch the speed of development, or how they converge to the development.
The biggest reason is the economic reason among others. Professors, Doctors, engineers and scientists are attracted to highly paid countries.
The reasons can be used to design appropriate policies to prevent brain drain.
Best wishes,
Dear Ebadi. I also noticed except the person who posted or commented, no any other can delete this. So, today I asked same question how to delete in such a situation. Lets wish administrative of RG will make some option in the future.
No, of course, because he is the king of the people and he is the one who helped deliver this level to my greetings
No, I think a man in his mother and they are scientists, each of them represents a nation for my greetings
Definition of Brain Drain
Brain drain can be described as the process in which a country loses its most educated and talented workers to other countries through migration. This trend is considered a problem, because the most highly skilled and competent individuals leave the country, and contribute their expertise to the economy of other countries. The country they leave can suffer economic hardships because those who remain don't have the 'know-how' to make a difference.
Brain drain can also be defined as the loss of the academic and technological labor force through the moving of human capital to more favorable geographic, economic, or professional environments. More often than not, the movement occurs from developing countries to developed countries or areas.
Causes of Brain Drain
There are various causes of brain drain, but they differ depending on the country that's experiencing it. The main causes include seeking employment or higher paying jobs, political instability, and to seek a better quality of life. Causes of brain drain can be categorized into push factors and pull factors.
The push factors are negative characteristics of the home country that form the impetus for intelligent people migrating from Lesser Developed Countries (LDC). In addition to unemployment and political instability, some other push factors are the absence of research facilities, employment discrimination, economic underdevelopment, lack of freedom, and poor working conditions.
Pull factors are the positive characteristics of the developed country from which the migrant would like to benefit. Higher paying jobs and a better quality of life are examples of pull factors. Other pull factors include superior economic outlook, the prestige of foreign training, relatively stable political environment, a modernized educational system to allow for superior training, intellectual freedom, and rich cultures. These lists are not complete; there may be other factors, some of which can be specific to countries or even to individuals.
Effects of Brain Drain on the Home Country
When brain drain is prevalent in a developing country, there may be some negative repercussions that can affect the economy. These effects include but are not limited to:
- Loss of tax revenue
- Loss of potential future entrepreneurs
- A shortage of important, skilled workers
- The exodus may lead to loss of confidence in the economy, which will cause persons to desire to leave rather than stay
- Loss of innovative ideas
- Loss of the country's investment in education
- The loss of critical health and education services
Brain drain is usually described as a problem that needs to be solved. However, there are benefits that can be derived from the phenomena. When people move from LDC countries to developed countries, they learn new skills and expertise, which they can utilize to the advantage of the home economy once they return. Another benefit is remittances; the migrants send the money they earn back to the home country, which can help to stimulate the home country's economy.
Possible Actions to Curb Brain Drain
The drawbacks of brain drain outweigh the benefits, so there are some moves that governments can make to reduce the number of highly educated and skilled workers that relocate to other countries. One way that governments can keep its skilled workers is to ensure that citizens feel safe and to take steps to stimulate economic activity.
Other solutions include higher wages, creating a better educational system so that citizens do not have to go overseas for higher education. Also, when paying for higher education, governments can withhold the award of the degree until the individual returns and agrees to work in the home country.
In my literature review, you can find some answers: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326424050_Brain_Drain_Brain_Gain_and_Brain_Return_Explained_by_a_Model_Based_on_a_Comparable_Individual_Country's_Well-being_Indicator_LISE_Working_paper
this varies a lot. For a country which has highly skilled professionals in big numbers, it might be an advantage, when some are leaving, reducing pressure (and frustration) on equally skilled ones. For countries, which has insufficient numbers of highly skilled people, it is a loss, when some or many of them leave for greener pastures.
The answer of @Asaad Ali Karam is plagiarism!!! Link is attached!
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-brain-drain-in-economics-definition-causes-effects-examples.html
The brain drain produces many more losers than winners in developing countries
The impact of the brain drain on a source country’s welfare and development can be beneficial or harmful. The evidence suggests that there are many more losers than winners among developing countries. Whether a country gains or loses depends on country-specific factors, such as the level and composition of migration, the country’s level of development, and such characteristics as population size, language, and geographic location. Policymakers should gauge the costs and benefits of the brain drain in order to design appropriate policy responses...
Article Brain Drain in Developing Countries
Establecer como bueno o malo acerca de la fuga de cerebros de un país en desarrollo, es como dar por sentado que si se van muero, pero en realidad, en los tiempos de tecnología, los intercambios son favorecedores para ambos, tanto para los cerebros, como para las naciones, porque forman parte de un todo, el hombre está siendo testigo a la velocidad de la luz, de los cambios vertiginosos, de allí la ganancia.
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