Yes there are reports that marine dinoflagellate cysts were occasionally found in freshwater deposits, for example in Florida . The most reasonable explanation is that they were transported by storms.

Marine palynomorphs travel vast distances in loess during cold stages - I documented this a couple of times eg Bowden, D. J., Hunt, C. O. & Green, C. P. 1995 The Late Cenozoic deposits at the Naze, Walton, Essex. in Bridgland, D. R., Allen, P. & Haggart, B. A. (eds.) The Quaternary of the lower reaches of the Thames. Durham: Quaternary Research Association, 298-309. They can also be transported by glacier ice which has crossed marine basins - see my 1984 paper in J Micropalaeontol. In tidal systems, Chris Reid in the 70s has shown that marine palynomorphs can be carried upriver by tides far beyond the edge of salt water.

It is important to know the time scale. Marine incursions during the Miocene have been recorded based on mangrove pollen grains in the Colombian Amazonia.

In more recent scales as well.

Yes, one of the most spectacular example of such a transport was "trapped "in amber in Charente ( France)! See the very nice paper of Edwige Masure et al., in press in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 388, 15 October 2013, Pages 128–144 “Blowin' in the wind… 100 Ma old multi-staged dinoflagellate with sexual fusion trapped in amber: Marine–freshwater transition”

The recent Masure et al. paper is a great example indeed! Also, keep in mind that marine palynomorphs can be reworked, i.e. eroded from previously deposited marine sediments and redeposited elsewhere. And some tsunami deposits can be found surprisingly far inland...

Yes ,by means of studing Palynology you may find that a long the geological time scale there are tremendous amount of palynomorphs were well preserved from the attaction of Bacteria or may the attaction causes degradation and convert it to Amorphous organic matters (AOM) which is good indication of aquatic environment ,and according to paleodepositional basins ,you may find that due to tidal force and the high dynamic currents can transport dionflagellates and spores &pollen ,phytoclasts,foramininefral test linning to the delatic basin and near shore margins ,and to so many places this also called reworking.

Reworking is one of such mechanisms in tectonically active regions.

Good petr Skupien this is one of the most important approaches to answer the question.

I could think of two different examples.

First the case of lake Sapanca in NW Turkey where marine palynomorphs are fund, probably transported by birds, but a previous marine contact is not excluded (on the palaeo Sakarya river).

See: Leroy S.A.G., Albay M., 2010. Palynomorphs of brackish and marine species in cores from the freshwater Lake Sapanca, NW Turkey: further evidence of palaeo-contacts with the Black Sea? Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 160, 3-4: 181-188.

The second is a coastal lagoon (Anzali) in the south Caspian sea which is usually freshwater because fed by many rivers. Occasionally the sea floods in and bring dinoflagellates. See:

Leroy S.A.G., Lahijani H.A.K., Djamali M., Naqinezhad A., Moghadam M.V., Arpe K., Shah-Hosseini M., Hosseindoust M., Miller Ch.S., Tavakoli V., Habibi P., Naderi Beni M., 2011. Late Little Ice Age palaeoenvironmental records from the Anzali and Amirkola lagoons (south Caspian Sea): vegetation and sea level changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 302: 415-434

During the Tohoku tsunami the marine phytoplankton was also washed far on the land. So, such large events may well incorporate the marine components to the terrestrial setting.

for transport inland unknown distances to be deposited in terrestrial cave entrance sequences , perhaps by wind, or by animal vectors, see Hunt et al. 2012 Quaternary Science Reviews 37, 61-80.

Yes, there is a spectacular example from the island of Bornholm, Danmark, where in the Lower and Middle Jurassic reworked palynomorphs were found in a deltaic environment. See Nielsen & Koppelhus (1991) -> http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull38-03-04-253-266.pdf

The important part is, nowadays no Carboniferous sediments are preserved nearby and the Jurassic occurence of Carboniferous palynomophs indicate a former distribution of eroded sediments north of their present distribution. The investigation of reworked palynomorphs might be used to reconstruct ancient transport mechanisms or to proove the existence of eroded older sediments.

Palynomorphs are frequently reworked by glaciation in till, either within clasts or as individual grains. They can then commonly be reworked again into meltwater, i.e. fluvial and lacustrine sediments. There is quite a sizable literature on this phenomenon where the reworked assemblages have been used as a provenance or stratigraphical tool comparable to the use of exotic lithologies etc.or indeed an indicator of reworking in the environment. This includes pollen as well as foraminifera, dinoflagellate cysts, etc.. The earliest reference is probably:. Heinonen, L. 1957 Studies on the microfossils in tills of the North-European glaciation. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae Annales Ser A III 52, 92pp. Cf. also : Gibbard, P.L., Moscariello, A., Bailey, H. W., Boreham, S., Koch, C., Lord, A. R., Whittaker, J. E. & Whiteman, C. A. 2008 Reply: Middle Pleistocene sedimentation at Pakefield, Suffolk, England: a response to Lee et al. (2006). Journal of Quaternary Science 23, 85-92.

Yes, I found lot of dinocysts of Eocene age together with the tertiary pollen and spores and even old type of Pediastrum kawraiskyi,P.integrum and Botryococcus in the bootom sediments of Late Glacial Period from the 15 m profile Labsky dul-Valley (Krkonose Mts=Giant Mts=Riesengebirge: N Czech Republic). Explanation: see eg. Jankovska V.(2013): Presence and origin of predominantly tertiary palynomorphs in the sedimente of Last Glacial: how to explain it? ( Krkonose Mts.- Labsky dul Valley).- In: VI.Polska konferencja paleobotaniki czwartorzedu. Osady morskie, lagunowe i torfowisk nadbrezeznych. Panstwowy Instytut Geologiczny-Panstwowy Instytut Badawczy,, Warszawa:41-44

Yes, frequently in Cenomanian sediments of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin there are number of marine palynomorphs found in fluvial sediments. The environment is interpreted as a tide influnced river.

There is one of numerous publications

It happens in tills, Aeolian deposits like loess (see Bowden, D. J., Hunt, C. O. & Green, C. P. 1995 The Late Cenozoic deposits at the Naze, Walton, Essex. in Bridgland, D. R., Allen, P. & Haggart, B. A. (eds.) The Quaternary of the lower reaches of the Thames. Durham: Quaternary Research Association, 298-309. Also Macklin, M. G. & Hunt, C. O. 1988 Late Quaternary alluviation and valley floor development in the upper Axe valley, Mendip, southwest England. Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 99, 49-60. ) Mangrove pollen and marine microfossils get carried on and human bodies from mudflats and mangrove pollen gets carried by flower eating bats - see our forthcoming account in Hunt, C. O., Kealhofer, L., Premathilake, R., Rushworth, G.,. Gilbertson, D.D., Jones, S.E. & Barker, G. in press. Palynology, Phytoliths and Diatoms in and adjacent to the Great Cave: stratigraphic and taphonomic studies of Late Quaternary vegetation history. In Barker, G., Gilbertson, D. & Reynolds, T. (eds) The Archaeology of the Niah Caves, Sarawak: Excavations 1954-2004. Cambridge: McDonald Monographs in Archaeology).

There is at least one interesting point in the dinoflagelates and diatoms of the Sirius Group in the Beadmore Glacier, Antarctica.

In tsunami deposits recorded in Norway and adjecent areas around the North Sea Basinfollowing the Storegga slide (7200 BP) several records of marine fossils are recorded from lacustrine deposits and some also mentioned in these publications. References are given below. Look at e.g. Bondevik et al 1997b, pages 1119-1120 where tsunami facies are described: following «Massive sand» : “It usually contains foraminifera and shall fragments”, In Bondevik et al 1998, s.532 dinos were recorded. . In Bondevik et al 2005 (s. 1766, ) marine and brachish diatoms are recorded in several cores in a lacustrine basin. These authors state they recorded a lot of marine fossils in these tsunami deposits but that they unfortunately not reported all (it was not their focus).

Bondevik, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A., and Lohne, Ø. (2005). Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1757-1775.

Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J. I., Johnsen, G., Mangerud, J., and Kaland, P. E. (1997a). The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup. Boreas 26, 29-53.

Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J. I., and Mangerud, J. (1997b). Tsunami sedimentary facies deposited by the Storegga tsunami in shallow marine basins and coastal lakes, western Norway. Sedimentology 44, 1115-1131.

Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J. I., and Mangerud, J. (1998). Distinction between the Storegga tsunami and the Holocene marine transgression in coastal basin deposits of western Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science 13, 529-537.

This is a paper of mine you can see the details on my contribution through RG

Journal of Al-Nahrain university science vol. 10(1), June, 2007, pp 46-48

Reworked Paleozoic Acritarchs as Provenance Indicators of Butmah Formation (Early Jurassic) North Iraq.

Ahmed Asker Al Ahmed

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, AL_Nahrain University Jadiryah, Baghdad-Iraq

Abstract

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Profuse and well preserved Paleozoic acritarch assemblage was recovered from subsurface lower Jurassic sediments from oil exploration well Makhul_2 Northern Iraq. Acritarch assemblages have been recorded from Butmah Formation (early Jurassic). The recovered acritarch are originally come from Ordovician and Silurian sediments Landmass, situated nearby during complete erosion, Later the fluctuation companied were all have been transported and deposited in lower Jurassic sediments.

Not been published due to commercial sensitivity - but I am aware of a case where apparently Carboniferous chitinozoa? have been found in Permo-Triassic sediments (North West England)

Dinoflagellates together with animal and plant fossils were deposited in a Pleistocene coastal or delta area of a region that, indeed, today is the Apennines , mountains of northern Italy

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618209002110

In the estuary environment, the marine palynomorphs will be transported into terrestrial environments by tidal.

No accounts of aeolian transport?

How to tansport by aeolian? I think it is very hard.

I think its a very usual mechanism. During storms in coastal areas small drops are projected in the atmosphere as aerosols. Salty sea water causes especial erosional features (tafoni) in the coastal areas some kilometers landwards. I think great storms can put marine microorganisms, specially the less dense, (to say dinophyceans or acritachs), many kilometers landwards and perhaps even very high in the atmosphere and long distance, nevertheless I have failed to find any publication about this.

Thanks for your messages. This is a good idea, maybe we can used marine palynomorphs as a proxy for the research of storms or tsunami. We can fine a section or drilling some cores in the near coastal terrestrial environments, and make high resoultion palynological anlysis. If we fine some strata are containing some marine palynomorphs, which is maybe indicated that storms or tsunumi have been occurred.

I remember stories from a fellow sedimentology student about seagulls bringing shells far onland for nesting material. But the most spectacular one is a recent publication on dinoflagellates having sex in amber! Check this out: Masure, Dejax and De Ploëg, 2013. Blowin' in the wind… 100 Ma old multi-staged dinoflagellate with sexual fusion trapped in amber: Marine–freshwater transition. Pal3, vol 388: 128-144.

Hi, Larry Knox. I believe this question was answered four years ago when you did it. However, since I have been working on a transitional unit for the past 10 years, I have decided to contribute to this discussion. Below is the link to a recent publication of my own. If I still have an interest in this problem regarding paleoenvironmental issues, I will be very happy to exchange knowledge. As an additional comment, the deposits I study are thick deposits of coquinas, that is, great storms happened there. Best Regards, Gustavo Gonçalves Garcia.

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