Are the variables "student achievement," "student performance," "perceived academic performance," "learning performance," and "academic performance" interrelated concepts, or are they not equivalent according to the theoretical research model area? Can their item questions be used as item questions for "student performance"?
One must be careful to observe the process vs. product distinction in one's theorizing. Consider a word like "building". It can be used to answer two sorts of questions. Consider a very trivial example:
Q1: What are you doing? A1: I am buildingverb something.
Q2: What are you building? A2: A buildingnoun .
A1 refers to a process.
A2 refers to the product of that process, namely that which is built.
"Achievement" is a typical product word, referring to an outcome, whereas "performance" (with or without modifiers) can be used in either a process sense or a product sense. It is important to keep the senses straight and not equivocate between them. Explicit stipulation is advised when theorizing or presenting research hypotheses.
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