The 2050 European Green Agreement, as well as the Global Green Agreement, emphasized that it should be easier for investors and companies to identify environmentally sustainable investments and ensure that they are credible. This could be done through clear labels for retail investment products and by developing a green bond standard that facilitates environmentally sustainable investment in the most convenient way. For example, in its 2021 work program, the European Commission emphasized "a people-friendly economy" as a priority and emphasized the importance of continuing to make progress on sustainable financing, in particular by proposing a European standard on green bonds. (Impact assessment accompanying the Communication "Enhancing Europe's climate ambition in 2030
Investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people”(SWD / 2020/176 final). Furthermore, it introduces a set of rules that issuers of green bonds must follow in order to call a bond a "European green bond" or "EuGB", as well as for green bonds issued by the World Bank or other global financial institutions.
Thank you all for your answers and I wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year 2022 full of personal and academic accomplishments with your loved ones!
Dear Dr Otilia P. Manta . See the following useful RG link: Article Green bonds issuance: insights in low- and middle-income countries
Kindly see also the following very good link: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3142887_code2061519.pdf?abstractid=3142887&mirid=1
Also check kindly the following very good RG link: Article Green Bonds as an instrument to finance low carbon transition
The following RG link is useful: Article Green bonds as a tool against climate change?
Thank you for your comment Prof. Stefan Bernhard Rüster .The balance you mention is really to be maintained on a global scale, and this financial instrument "green bonds" can contribute to long-term sustainable development, especially as the maturity of these bonds is until 2058.
Thank you Prof. Aref Wazwaz for the link of your research papers and congratulations on your work.
Green bonds offer significantly lower yields than those on comparable conventional bonds. Strong demand for these bonds drives the yield down. Green bonds offer on average yields that are 15-20 basis points lower than those on comparable conventional bonds in both the primary and secondary markets. If the same corporation issues a green bond and a conventional bond with the same characteristics except that one bond is a green bond, the green bond still offers a yield that is up to two basis points lower even though the credit quality is the same. This systematic difference in yield can be seen as an additional cost paid by investors in green/social debts. To boost the yield, Green Junk Bonds have been introduced. However, these green junk bonds may not deliver green results because of the high probability that the issuers might not fulfill their environmental pledges. This non-zero probability that green/social bonds may not live up to their environmental pledges makes them a questionable financial instrument in the process of global economic, social and finnacial inclusion. Q.E.D.
Have a look at the following link and you'll find some good papers related to green bonds
https://www.researchgate.net/project/COVID-19-and-financial-markets
Hi Otilia P. Manta you may find these papers useful for your research.
Article Religion vs ethics: hedge and safe haven properties of Sukuk...
Article Tail dependence between bitcoin and green financial assets
and you may also refer to the following project in which I am collaborating with Muhammad Abubakr Naeem
https://www.researchgate.net/project/COVID-19-and-financial-markets
Dear Dr. Stefan! Many special thanks for your comment!
Since 2010, the World Bank has been supporting green bond-specific programs, most of which have the trading mechanism you described.
However, we are currently discussing the 2050 European Green Agreement and loans by issuing social and green bonds to Member States and maturing 2058, which is a very effective mechanism for capitalizing on reform programs, given that we are finally discussing of the cost of financing which is very low for the end user of the loan.
It is very important that there are tools and mechanisms for each funding program that have a positive impact on the end user, whether we are talking about sectors of the state economy or private sectors of the economy. The treatment should be equal in terms of funding, so that the results are in the balance of society! All the best!
I agree with you Prof. Ako Doffou on green bond yields, which is why we appreciate this mechanism in the European Green Agreement, which, through the green bond issue mechanism, supports the lending policy for Member States' Recovery and Resilience Programs. All the best!
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