The standard extraction buffer published by Horvath and Riezman in the 90s contains 0.06 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 2% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 5% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.0025% (w/v) bromophenol blue. The extracts can be directly separated via 1D-SDS-PAGE.
In the attachment you will find an updated protocol from 2011 that gives better protein yield.
Regards, Christian
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In case the purpose of extraction is to recover a clarified lysate containing active soluble proteins, I would suggest to resuspend cells in 50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM MgCl2, 1% NP-40 supplemented with Complete anti-protease cocktail from Roche. And then to submit the resuspension to glass-bead breakage.
Dominique and Christian have given you good starting primers.
]Depending on the final application (biochemical assay, mass spectrometry analysis, immunoblotting), there are several techniques as well as buffers. Glass bead-based methods for e.g. should be avoided when dealing with unstable or fragile proteins. You can even lyse cells by grinding in liquid nitrogen or avoid mechanical disruption altogether using a TCA or urea-based buffer. Alternatively, there are also enzyme-based disruption methods should you need particularly gentle lysis methods.
I have used a fairly complex buffer in the past to extract proteins for MS analysis of phosphorylated residues on my proteins of interest that was phosphate-based rather than Tris-based; I have also used a HEPES-based buffer to extract proteins for binding assays.