Carbonaceous materials have been widely used in various applications, such as adsorption of organic contaminants, electrodes of various batteries and super-capacitors, OER catalyst, ORR catalyst, and so on.

To improve their activity, hetero-atom doping (O, N, S, F, P, B) are extensively used recently.

Best to my knowledge, O doping can be achieved under mild conditions by several simple methods (H2O2/NaClO, Fenton, anodic oxidation, etc). However, doping other atoms usually require relatively complicated procedure. So I was wondering is it because Oxygen-containing functional groups are usually not stable especially in electrochemical process? If the O-containing sites have excellent performance in various applications, why carbon doped by other atoms still receives many attention?

Thanks in advance!