CO2-EOR
1. To what extent, the enhanced mobility of scCO2 increases the likelihood of CO2 early breakthrough and viscous fingering – during CO2 injection process – that mitigates the volumetric sweep efficiency substantially?
2. Why do slug-size and WAG Ratio critically influence oil recovery during the combined water-flooding and CO2 injection?
3. Why do we end up with an enhanced oil recovery as (a) WAG Ratio; and (b) Plug Size Ratio approaches unity?
4. To what extent, CO2 Foam flooding and Carbonated Water Flooding enhance the flow resistance of the reservoir formation, which eventually improves CO2 Sweep Efficiency?
5. Whether a Continuous CO2 Flooding require an enhanced volume of CO2, while, remaining susceptible to form CO2 Breakthrough?
6. Whether, CO2 Foam Flooding would end up with a reduced pore-scale displacement efficiency, despite its advantage on mitigating CO2 Breakthrough?
7. Whether Core-Flooding adequately reflect the flow behavior of fluids @ pore-scale, despite its primary focus on Ultimate Oil Recovery?
8. How about Cumulative CO2 Storage (ratio of total volume of CO2 injected to total pore volume of reservoir) following a fault reactivation?
9. Is there an upper limit for CO2 Injection Pressure to circumvent Fault Reactivation – during CO2 Injection, albeit, Cumulative Injection Power remains to directly depend on CO2 Injection rate and CO2 Injection Pressure (while inversely depends on Number of Injectors)?
10. Why does CO2 Storage Efficiency critically depend on both Cumulative Storage Performance as well as Cumulative Injection Performance?
11. Whether, Normalization of CO2 Saturation and Pressure would really provide either Uniformity or Skewedness of CO2 Distribution within a Reservoir?
12. How easy would it remain towards deducing an Optimal CO2 Injection Rate as a function of BHP, Total injected Volume of CO2 & Storage Efficiency?
Dr Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor [HAG]
IIT-Madras 01-March-2025
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
These questions relate to the technical aspects of analyzing oil recovery in the context of research and development processes in the oil industry, such as methods to enhance oil extraction.
(a) WAG ratio
The WAG (Water Alternating Gas) ratio is used in energy, economics, and the oil industry to express losses in processes such as transfer or production. In the context of the oil industry, an improved oil recovery might refer to the optimization of oil output relative to costs and losses during production.
If the improved oil recovery is expressed as a WAG ratio, it means the process has been optimized and controlled, leading to lower losses and a higher volume of oil efficiently extracted from the field. It can be seen as an increase in the economic feasibility of the process.
(b) The connection size ratio approaches unity
This question refers to the optimization of the size of systems or equipment used in oil extraction processes. When the connection size ratio approaches unity, it means that the technological devices, such as pumps or pipelines, are aligned with ideal parameters, leading to more efficient oil transfer and utilization. In this context, when the connection size or system capacity approaches the optimal value (which can be one), the process becomes more efficient with fewer losses and a higher oil return.
In both cases, it refers to the optimization of the process, resulting in higher oil recovery with minimized losses and costs.
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