Good question you are thinking about birds. Birds are affected by a number of pollutants, from visible forms of pollution such as plastic and oil spills, to more invisible pollutants like light and sound. Birds can also be harmed through direct exposure to Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant known to accumulate in, and negatively affect, fish-eating and oceanic bird species. Pesticide heavy metal and oil are the most represented and air pollutant pharmaceutical and radioactive pollutant.

Birds face serious threats from different kinds of pollution. Here’s a simple explanation:

1. Pesticides: These chemicals, used to kill pests in farms and cities, can poison birds. They also make it hard for them to have babies or find food.

2. Heavy Metals: Birds eating lead or mercury can get very sick or die. These metals harm their brains and stop them from having babies.

3. Plastic: Birds sometimes eat plastic, thinking it’s food. This can hurt their stomachs or make them hungry because they can’t eat real food. Tiny plastic bits can also be toxic.

4. Oil Spills: When birds get oil on them, they can’t keep warm or float in water. Eating oil also makes them sick inside.

5. Industrial Chemicals: Things like PCBs from factories build up in birds and mess up their hormones. This makes it hard for them to have babies and weakens their immune system.

6. Air Pollution: Dirty air hurts birds’ lungs, making it hard for them to breathe and stay healthy.

7. Light Pollution: Too much light at night confuses birds that migrate, leading to accidents and exhaustion.

Dear Dr Gamal Elhag-Idris

Could you please send me the reference or weblink of the Table

Oil derivatives on the shores of seas and oceans, and waters polluted with oil derivatives in the desert.

Birds seem especially vulnerable to ozone and PM2.5 exposure by potentially decreasing their antioxidant defence, as highlighted by a new PhD thesis (Ziegler et al. 2022)...

Impacts of urbanisation on birds: Disentangling the effects of multiple pollutants on avian behaviour and physiology

https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/impacts-of-urbanisation-on-birds-disentangling-the-effects-of-mul

Wild bird crime in Serbia is threatening the populations of migratory birds

"The populations of many migratory birds have been declining dramatically in the last few years. This is not only due to the effects of climate change and the deterioration of their habitats, but is also a result of persecution by man. In Europe, the situation is of particular concern along the Adriatic Flyway. EuroNatur and their partner organisations have been campaigning against the illegal killing of birds for many years, especially in Serbia..."

https://www.euronatur.org/en/what-we-do/news/wild-bird-crime-in-serbia-is-threatening-the-populations-of-migratory-birds

Why, when, where? Rigorous investigation answers important questions about illegal wildlife poisoning in Serbia

"Accurate data and knowledge are vital to implement targeted conservation actions. To tackle illegal wildlife poisoning, one of the most critical threats vultures face as well as other wildlife, our colleagues from the Bird Protection and Study Society of Serbia have been investigating the scope of this issue in the country for the past year within the framework of our Balkan Anti Poisoning (BAPP) Small Grants Programme. This is an essential output, as understanding the extent of illegal wildlife poisoning is necessary to save vultures and other birds in Serbia...

Intentional poisoning by the use of poison baits was the most dominant type of poisoning recorded and poisoning incidents documented during the implementation of the BAPP Small Grant Programme in Serbia. These incidents usually occurred due to human conflict with stray and feral dogs. About 80% of the total 62 registered poisoning and suspected poisoning incidents could be connected to this practice, with the death toll of domestic dogs poisoned from July 2019/March 2020 in Serbia being 243. Other poisoning incidents relate to human-wildlife conflict, especially conflict with large carnivores (mostly jackals and foxes). A total of 12 jackals and five foxes were found poisoned during this period. According to the collected data, there were no cases of deliberate poisoning of wild birds in Serbia during this period. Birds were usually victims of secondary poisoning. A total of 24 wild birds, including 1 White-tailed Eagle, 4 Common Buzzards, 2 Marsh Harriers were found poisoned. There was only one vulture-related incident, where a juvenile Griffon Vulture was suspected of poisoning, but the conducted necropsy revealed no indications of poisoning, and hence no further toxicological analysis was commissioned by the relevant authorities. Poison baits, without any animal casualties were found in 14 separate incidents..."

https://4vultures.org/blog/why-when-where-rigorous-investigation-answers-important-questions-about-illegal-wildlife-poisoning-in-serbia/

Serious poisoning incident causes mass mortality of protected birds in Serbia

"On Monday, 14 March 2022, a suspected poisoning incident took the lives of several birds in Serbia. In the village of Veliki Gaj near Vršac, the bodies of nine strictly protected Common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and one Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) were discovered. Near the carcasses, they also found poultry remains coated with a purple-pink substance and an empty bottle of Carbofuran, a highly toxic pesticide banned in Serbia since 2014...

Medium-sized birds of prey, eagles and especially vultures often feed on dead animals and livestock remains. However, according to recent data collected by BPSSS, there were no cases of deliberate poisoning of wild birds in Serbia..."

https://balkandetoxlife.eu/2022/03/21/serious-poisoning-incident-causes-mass-mortality-of-protected-birds-in-serbia/

Dear Prof Ljubomir Jacić

Many thanks for your time and effort in providing several resources that will be helpful in my research in this aspect.

I thank you for your support and cooperation.

With kind regards, Golam

You are welcome dear Golam Kibria . When some researcher, just as you, share his research question, I try to give my best. Good luck with your research.

Here is another article about the pollutants that affect birds in my country.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AT NIGHT AS AN UNRECOGNIZED THREAT TO PROTECTED AREAS OF AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA (NORTH SERBIA)

"...Since artificial lighting is present wherever there are human activities, it can be assumed that protected areas and ecological corridors in Vojvodina Province are endangered with light pollution. The aim of this paper is to present the basic concept of light pollution problematic, and to define the biggest light emitters in Vojvodina and surrounding in order to outline the most endangered protected areas by this pollutant...

It is urgent to take measures to reduce light pollution, and also to work on prevention as the growing trend of urbanization in Vojvodina is present. The best way to do achieve this is to educate the society in order to raise awareness about the light pollution, and at the same time to initiate comprehensive research of both - precise measurements and impacts on endangered flora and fauna..."

https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/1452-0133/2019/1452-01331948046B.pdf

"One morning in the late summer of 1996, Ken Sturm, then a biologist at the Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge, was patrolling the lake’s shallow waters when he began to spot dead pelicans. Their carcasses jutted from the surface like half-submerged stones, dotting the shoreline. Other birds, still alive, writhed in the water, slowly succumbing to paralysis. Sturm raced back to alert his boss, and together they returned to the lake. By mid-afternoon it was clear that something unprecedented was occurring. “All over the Salton Sea, every shoreline we patrolled, we were finding dead and dying birds,” Sturm recalled.

“It was shocking,” he added.

What Sturm witnessed that day was the beginning of the deadliest pelican die-off ever recorded. In just a few months, 15 to 20 percent of the western population of American White Pelicans, as well as several other species, perished at the Salton Sea, some 15,000 birds in total. The cause was determined to be type C avian botulism, a bacterial neurotoxin. To dispose of the carcasses, Sturm and his colleagues ran an incinerator 24 hours a day, but still could not keep up; the birds accumulated in 6-foot-high piles, rotting in the August heat. At night, Sturm would brush the maggots out of his socks, sleep for a few hours, and then begin again, collecting and incinerating pelicans. The grisly scene received national attention, and everyone seemed to ask the same question: Why was this happening? "

https://undark.org/2023/07/03/scientists-warned-of-a-salton-sea-disaster-no-one-listened/