Stem cell therapy: During stem cell differentiation, how can we accurately control the fate of cells (such as differentiation into specific tissue types) to avoid uncontrolled growth such as cancer? What technical bottlenecks do current bioengineering methods have in achieving this?

Gene editing ethics: When using CRISPR-Cas9 or other gene editing technologies to treat genetic diseases, how can we balance the therapeutic effect with potential off-target effects? How can we ensure that the modified genes will not affect the patient's offspring or cause unpredictable long-term consequences in the clinic?

Tumor immunotherapy: One of the biggest challenges facing cancer immunotherapy (such as CAR-T cell therapy) is the immune escape mechanism of tumors. How can existing research clinically address immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment to improve efficacy?

Antibiotic resistance: In the context of the growing antibiotic resistance crisis, how can we design a new generation of antibacterial drugs to bypass the resistance mechanism? What new targeting mechanisms and molecules are currently becoming the focus in the field of antibiotic discovery?

Brain-computer interface (BCI): In brain-computer interface research, how can we solve the problem of long-term stability between brain tissue and implanted devices? How can the biocompatibility and signal degradation of electrodes be optimized on a time scale of decades to ensure safe and effective long-term use?

Metabolic diseases: For metabolic regulation studies on type 2 diabetes and obesity, how can the precise role of the gut microbiota in glucose and lipid metabolism be assessed? How are treatment options based on gut microbiota regulation progressing in clinical trials?

Nano drug delivery: In nanotechnology drug delivery systems, how can rapid clearance by the liver and kidneys be effectively avoided? What materials and structural designs currently enable more efficient targeting and drug release?

Neurodegenerative diseases: The amyloid and tau protein hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease are gradually facing challenges. Are there any new pathological mechanisms explaining the development of neurodegenerative diseases? What are the most promising treatment strategies currently in clinical trials?

Personalized medicine: In personalized treatment, how can actionable clinical information be extracted from whole genome sequencing data, especially for multi-gene variants in complex diseases (such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, etc.), and what are the biggest limitations of current analytical tools?