In general key elements include carbon, calcium, manganese, nitrogen, sulfur, potassium, and phosphorous. These minerals work together to provide life and food for grass, trees, shrubs, and even the microorganisms that need to thrive.The basic components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water and air. The typical soil consists of approximately 45% mineral, 5% organic matter, 20-30% water, and 20-30% air. These percentages are only generalizations at best. In reality, the soil is very complex and dynamic.Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural and plant growth. It helps in obtaining sustained and consistent yields of high quality. Nitrogen balance is measured by deducting N outputs and changes in soil total N storage from N inputs as:(1)Nitrogen balance = N inputs − N outputs − changes in soil total N(2) Where N inputs = N fertilization from inorganic N fertilizers + N fertilization from manures and amendments + atmospheric N.