It really depends on the nature of the results of the survey. For example if they are yes/no questions, Likert-type items, Likert items combined into a scale, and so on.
There are several mathematical and statistical methods used to quantify and discuss survey questions. Here are some of the most common ones:
Descriptive statistics: Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the data from survey questions. For example, you can calculate measures of central tendency (such as the mean, median, and mode) and measures of variability (such as the range, standard deviation, and variance) to describe the distribution of responses.
Cross-tabulation: Cross-tabulation (also known as contingency tables or pivot tables) can be used to examine the relationship between two or more survey questions. It allows you to see how the responses to one question vary with the responses to another question.
Chi-square test: The chi-square test can be used to determine whether there is a significant association between two categorical variables. It can be used to test whether the responses to one survey question depend on the responses to another survey question.
T-tests and ANOVA: T-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be used to compare the means of two or more groups on a single survey question. They can be used to test whether there are significant differences in the responses to a survey question between different groups (such as men and women, or different age groups).
Regression analysis: Regression analysis can be used to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable. It can be used to test whether there is a significant linear relationship between a survey question and other variables, such as demographic variables or other survey questions.
Factor analysis: Factor analysis can be used to identify underlying factors or dimensions that explain the pattern of responses to multiple survey questions. It can be used to group survey questions that measure similar concepts or to identify unique factors that explain variation in the responses.
These are just a few examples of the mathematical and statistical methods that can be used to quantify and discuss survey questions. The choice of method will depend on the research question, the type of data collected, and the level of analysis needed.