Read the attached file

Theoretically:

From XRD patterns as follows:

Variations in the height of the specimen in its holder, whether increasing or decreasing, cause XRD peaks to change from their original location.

Important and useful pathways are connected to the XRD Curve:

Scherrer’s equation:

Particle Size, D = (0.9 x λ)/ (d cosθ)

λ = 1.54060 Å (in the case of CuKa1) so, 0.9 x λ = 1.38654

Θ = 2θ/2 (in the example = 20/2)

d = the full width at half maximum intensity of the peak (in Rad) – you can calculate it using Origin software.

To convert from angle to rad

Rad = (22 x angle) / (7 x 180) = angle x 0.01746

Example: if d = 0.5 angle (θ)

= (22 x 0.5)/ (7x 180) = 0.00873 rad

Then

Delta=1/D^2

It is obvious that there is the relation between crystal size, strains and band gap. The correlation between the structural and optical properties with the precursor molarity suggests that the crystallite size of the films is predominantly influenced by the band gap energy and the precursor molarity. The structural lattice parameters decrease with increasing crystallite size. However, lattice strain increases with increasing crystallite-size. Further, since the crystallite size and grain size depend on nucleation and growth kinetics during processing, they may be different for different materials because the temperature sensitivity and melting points are also different for different materials. However, Further, since the crystallite size and grain size depend on nucleation and growth kinetics during processing, they may be different for different materials because the temperature sensitivity and melting points are also different for different materials.