First of all, you need the digital elevation model (DEM) of the area that you want to analyze. Within the GIS software that you are using, you can derive the slope map from DEM, and also the flow direction map. With the flow direction map, you can do the flow accumulation map and then Watershed definition. Some GIS software can do all in one step.
If I understood by watershed mapping you mean watershed delineation. You will need:
Data
- DEM - Digital Elevation Model
- Base Map - Aerial photo or Satellite Image
Software
- ArcGIS - Licensed
- Spatial Analyst Extension - Licensed
- ArcHydro - free tool. this tool analyse the DEM and produce flow accumulation raster, flow direction raster, catchment delineation raster, etc.
- Hec geoHMS - free tool. It do the same as ArcHydro and prepare your data for HMS model.
- Or you can use MapWindow GIS - open source program with watershed delineation script included.
Find more on youtube or google by "Delineating watershed using GIS" or "ArcHydro tool".
I recommend you a good book related to that topic
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING, Lynn E. Johnson, CRC Press, IWA Publishing, 2009
And if you do not have an ARCGIS license, you can try an open source GIS like QGIS (http://qgis.org/en/site/) or SAGA (http://www.saga-gis.org/en/index.html)
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