Neonatal units routinely use PA temperature as a surrogate measurement for a core temperature.
The best method in my opinion is ear sensor(oto temp) corelates highly with core temperature.
Rectal temperature is the best but for safety issues oto-thermometer is the best alternative to check core body temperature in neonates. please refer to the article below it is a wonderful article entitled "Thermometry in paediatric practice" Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:351–356. doi: 10.1136/adc.2005.08883
The following paper reports result on measuring the core body temperature of camels:
A. Al-Faraj, A. Al-Haidary,
Measurement and simulation of camel core body temperature response to ambient temperature, Int. J. of Agriculture and Biology, 2006:
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Alhaidary/Documents/Alfaraj.pdf
A remarkable result reported by this study is that camels maintain a near constant body temperature during a six day period. The core body temperature followed the same sinusoidal diurnal pattern of the air temperature but with lower amplitude. See page 334 of the cited paper.
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