In submerged paddy fields, the efficacy and impact of biofertilizers like Nitrogen Fixers, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria (ZSB), and Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB) can vary depending on several factors, including the soil condition, water level, and interaction with native microbial communities. In case of submerged Paddy Cultivation, Azotobacter, an aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, will not work beneficially. But, anaerobic nitrogen fixers like Azospirillum, Herbaspirillum, some Rhizobium, Clostridium and Anabaena azollae will work excellently in the submerged condition. In case of KSB some Bacillus species are exceptional in anaerobic conditions. Bacillus and some Rhizobium can also solubilize Zinc but, as ZSB specific bacteria like, Pseudomonas fluorescens, produces organic acids that mobilize zinc and improves zinc uptake, can help efficiently. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizobium sp can also be used as PSB but, specific spore-forming facultative anaerobe Bacillus megaterium will be a great choice. In this submerged paddy cultivation we have to reject aerobes and should select anaerobic microbes or microaerophiles for the better result. And please note, all biofertilizers are not aerobes.

@Sayak Dolai thank you very much

Biofertilizers play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of conventional paddy cultivation in stagnant water conditions by improving nutrient availability, reducing chemical fertilizer dependency, and promoting environmental sustainability. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azospirillum thrive in anaerobic waterlogged environments, providing a 20–25% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer use, while phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) enhance root development and phosphorus uptake. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) like Pseudomonas fluorescens further boost nutrient absorption and suppress pathogens, contributing to a 10–20% yield increase when biofertilizers are combined with reduced chemical fertilizers. Additionally, biofertilizers reduce greenhouse gas emissions and nitrate leaching, making them environmentally friendly. However, stagnant water conditions can limit the activity of aerobic microorganisms, necessitating the selection of strains adapted to waterlogged soils. Combining biofertilizers with organic amendments like farmyard manure or compost improves their efficiency by providing substrates for microbial activity. With proper integration and management, biofertilizers enhance both productivity and sustainability in paddy farming systems.