I I could not find any clear answer when searching in the web, does any one can help?
Cell proliferation is nothing but the cell division or multiplication.whereas during cell differentiation the newly formed cells via cell division are assinged a particular job...that is they are turning in to a special cell type that can do specialized functions.
Cell proliferation is cell division. That is you start of with 1 cell then they split you get 2, then 4 and so on. Cell differentiation is the stem cell going onto a more definitive state. A stem cell is a cell that can turn into any cell type. The next differentiation stage is progenitor cell. Here the cell is committed to cells of a particular germ layer. E.g. neural precursor/progenitor cells. The cell can differentiate again into a particular cell line eg mature oligodendrocyte. Once at that stage it is committed and can't go back (without scientific help).
proliferation simply means growth into an undifferentiated mass of tissue with no form or structure. Differentiation indicates development of the previous kind of tissue into a definite form structure and function, such a skin, beta cells, or nerves. I hope these are clear dcsastri
@ Josef
OK Josef, it's true. Poliferation is cell division. A mother cell divides in two identical daughter cells (symmetric division). I think that cell differentiation begins phylogenetically by asymmetric divisions and the eukaryotic evolution to stem cells followed cell differentiation. One of the daughter cells (I name it D1) remain identical with the mother cell by a process of self-renewing. The sister cell (D2) stop however cell cycle progression. D2 cells are reversible differentiated (see quiescence, Q-cells) or terminal differentiated ("irreversible" TD cells). Q cells built in amoebae quiescent reservoirs and reenter cell cycle progression by appropriate environmental stimuli. In amoebae TD cells (precysts) differentiate further to pluripotent progenitor (innercyst). They are mechanisms of potency reduction from pluripotent to unipotent cells and mechanisms returning unipotent cells to pluripotent progenitors. Amoebic innercyst is a good example for pluripotent cell induction. I think that induce pluripotency (see iPS) is a very old mechanism developed by ancient eukaryotes.
Stem Cell proliferation is the division of cells, expansion of cells that maintain their steaminess characteristics. For scientific researches, we often need high number of cells with one source. That's why "passage" is made for. You give your stem cells time and nutrient to "proliferate" and get confluent. Well, we don't want stem cells to stay undifferentiated forever! That's why they might be seeded on scaffolds (or other techniques, like cell pellet) which will provide a microenviroment similar to the native tissues. Based on your field of interests, you can "specialize" the unspecialized cells (differentiate) by treating them with physical or chemical factors (strains and/or growth factors). This will guide the undifferentiated cells (stem cells) to a higher level of specialized cells that are differentiated and their faith is about to determine. During differentiation, certain genes are expressed thus leading to new protein synthesis and while this occurs, cells are equipped with new function and structure.
Before differentiation actually starts, cell will go under "proliferation" and then the action begins! For instance, during the first 7 days of chondrogenesis, cells will just proliferate and then the differentiation starts by expression of chondrogenic markers such as SOX9 and collagen II. The whole process will take nearly 21 days.
Hope this helps!
After fertilization the ZYGOTE starts rapid divisions.The nuclei divide symmetricaly and to late blastula they are genetically identical. The ooplasm segregates asimmetrically. This special divisions are known as CLEAVAGE. It is not proliferation, because each blastomere contains in the cytoplasm different transcription factors (morphogens).They make the embryonic cells pluripotent. The differentiation starts at gastrula.
Proliferation is a general term for cell division (replication). Stem cells, progenitor cells and some differentiatiated cells can divide, although unlike others stem cells go through asymmetric division. Differentiation refers to a cellular process confined to stem cells and some early progenitors where transcription factors effecting gene expression direct cell commitment to a certain lineage (faith), i.e. cell specialize cell. Differentiation occurs during embryonal development but also in adulthood for the purpose of tissue regeneration.
Dear Tamara, the question is should we name the blastomeres "stem cells"? First they do not divide asimmetrically and second they do not persist after gastrulation. According to my careful investigation they are simpy EMBRYONIC PLURIPOTENT CELLS, which give rise to stem cells at gastrulation in the ecto- endo and mesoderm. Did you read my attachment (Ver2A-Z)?
Dear Marlene I was not commenting your answer but replying to Hadi's question.
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