My recent study:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260792027

probably could give you an estimate.

A more rigorous update is being created...

Article Extraction of the global absolute temperature for Northern h...

I endorse Demetris article

Dear Kenneth, the problem is with the low quality plot, I improved it, see attached.

I looked data+plot and they are OK.

The peaks (~>=10 o C) are:

1921 11.015863

1953 10.810340

1990 10.015439

1998 9.979627

2013 12.236974

Dear Kenneth, the analysis has been done for the whole set of valid stations per year, ie stations that had full 12 monthly records for the year of interest. Your suggestion has to be taken into analysis and I will do it, by using the 'height' record for each station.

Of course this will take a time, but I will do it.

Thank you for the suggestion.

Dear Kenneth, here is the histogram of heights for meteo stations that had an entry for it (5758 cases left).

I think that most of them are close to the sea level.

(20 of them are below sea level)

How could we classify the stations, according to their height, in order to make sense?

[0m,150m], ...?

Interesting information, thank you.

So, I plan to divide the stations to h200 m to see if this has a global application.

Dear Kenneth, sorry for the delay, but big data is a 'hard case'.

See my plot for Greece case.

Do you observe a 'circle' of about 90 years, from 1920 to 2010?

Let us compare the two plots, see my attachment.

I have done also the averages of annual median values.

At year 1895 I found mu=51.09 (F) and at 2013 both mean and medians are 54.50 (F).

Under what assumptions was the NOAA/NCDC plot done?

Have they excluded from their data the stations without records for all months at a year?

Dear Kenneth, don't be so sure.

Look at the attachment, taken from:

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=12¶meter=tavg&state=110&div=0&month=12&year=1895#ranks-form

where I took the monthly data for every month of 1895 plus the computed from NOAA yearly average.

First of all for JAN 1895 there exist no entry(-99.9):

Contiguous U.S. Average Temperature Rankings as of January 1895 (Degrees Fahrenheit)

Period,Value,Twentieth Century Mean, Departure, Low Rank, High Rank, Record Low, Record High, Lowest Since, Highest Since, Percentile, Ties

1,-99.9,0.00,-99.9,0,0,"","",,,nomral,""

Then, if we collect the data month by month we have in R:

th=c(NA,26.60,39.97,52.90,59.94,67.80,71.24,71.62,65.57,50.85,39.16,31.71);summary(th)

which gives us:

 Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's

26.60 39.56 52.90 52.49 66.68 71.62 1

How on Earth did they found an average of 50.34 for year 1895?

This can be done only by quietly assuming that T(JAN-1895)=26.72 (F):

th=c(26.72,26.60,39.97,52.90,59.94,67.80,71.24,71.62,65.57,50.85,39.16,31.71);summary(th)

Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.

26.60 37.30 51.88 50.34 66.13 71.62

Why is this so?

What is the average temperature of Jan 1895?

Dear Kenneth, I have to 'clean up' my data. For example except "USA" I also found "USA---------". I had also to remove ALASKA & HAWAII.

My estimation for 1895:

Country Year avg q1 m q3 min max

USA 1895 10.587 3.192704 11.20853 19.61094 -4.345919 22.49233

USA 1895 51.05659 37.74687 52.17536 67.2997 24.17735 72.4862

In (C) and (F) respectively.

I also attach the plot from 1759 to 2013 for contiguous US 48 states and for average mean and median temperatures.

I also attach the 1940-2013 period.

Dear Kenneth, the relation between temperature and height, taken from 382567 observations without any kind of averaging is here.

Thank you very much Demetris for your valuable reply.

Like supported answers. Kenneth answer is convincing.

It is an interesting question. I have asked a similar question on "How hot will the greenhouse world be? in which would like to hear your comments (@Kenneth and other experts) on it. Thank you.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_hot_the_world_will_be_as_a_result_of_global_climate_change

Dear Kenneth, please check your RG messages.

I have sent you my emails.

I agree with Prof. Kenneth M Towe answers

Dear Kenneth and all RG friiends,

Below is a link to the final published version of my article:

Extraction of the global absolute temperature for northern hemisphere using a set of 6190 meteorological stations from 1800 to 2013

doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2015.03.009

The link:

http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Qq2U4sIlkVuu1

is valid for free downloading until 27 May 2015.

I hope to find my work interest and I am waiting for your comments!

Thank you (especially Kenneth) for giving me inspiration!

Dear Kenneth,

I copy from Table 7 of paper:

1931 2538 10.54

1932 2542 10.02

1933 2582 10.02

1934 2607 10.59

1935 2614 9.65

1936 2701 9.55

1937 2699 9.43

1938 2737 10.04

1939 2780 9.83

1940 2899 8.74

The second column are the valid stations that I have used.

There exist an increase of their number from 2538 of 1931 to 2899 of 1940.

Dear Kenneth, the values with more digits are (R code):

> temp=c(10.544753, 10.018689 ,10.019426, 10.590970, 9.649770, 9.551342, 9.434189, 10.037331, 9.831241, 8.739629);

> mean(temp);

[1] 9.841734

The values are for valid stations of the entire Northern Hemisphere.

A KML map of all available stations for all years is here:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/1-s2.0-S1364682615000577/1-s2.0-S1364682615000577-mmc2.kml/271871/html/S1364682615000577/e6e59d11e8a728c9c6c57e33938b4df8/mmc2.kml

You can view locations using Google Earth application.

Dear Kenneth, the number of valid stations for 1931 and NH is 2538.

Their plot is attached.

The first 500 names are:

[1,] "Jan Mayen"

[2,] "ISFJORD RADIO"

[3,] "Svalbard Lufthavn"

[4,] "ANDENES"

[5,] "TROMSO/LANGNES"

[6,] "Tromsoe"

[7,] "Bjoernoeya"

[8,] "KAUTOKEINO (R)"

[9,] "ALTA"

[10,] "FRUHOLMEN FYR"

[11,] "KISTRAND (R)"

[12,] "Karasjok"

[13,] "SLETTNES FYR"

[14,] "MAKKAUR"

[15,] "Vardoe"

[16,] "SKOMVAER FYR"

[17,] "BRONNOYSUND"

[18,] "Glomfjord"

[19,] "MYKEN"

[20,] "BODO VI"

[21,] "SKROVA FYR"

[22,] "GROTOY"

[23,] "DIVIDALEN"

[24,] "SIHCCAJAVRI"

[25,] "KRAKENES FYR"

[26,] "Ona"

[27,] "TAFJORD"

[28,] "SULA (R)"

[29,] "DOMBAS (R)"

[30,] "Kjoeremsgrendi"

[31,] "SUNNDAL"

[32,] "FOKSTUA II"

[33,] "BERKAK (R)"

[34,] "NORDOYAN FYR"

[35,] "Trondheim/Vaernes"

[36,] "NORDLI (R)"

[37,] "SELBU (R)"

[38,] "SELBU-STUBBE"

[39,] "VERDAL-SUL (R)"

[40,] "LEVANGER (R)"

[41,] "ROROS"

[42,] "YTTEROYANE (R)"

[43,] "HELLISOY FYR"

[44,] "Bergen-Florida"

[45,] "FANA (R)"

[46,] "FJAERLAND (R)"

[47,] "Laerdal"

[48,] "LEIKANGER"

[49,] "OPPSTRYN"

[50,] "FORTUN"

[51,] "HAUGASTOL (R)"

[52,] "FANARAKEN"

[53,] "DAGALI (R)"

[54,] "ASBJORSBRATEN"

[55,] "Nesbyen"

[56,] "LILLEHAMMER-SAETHER"

[57,] "RENA (R)"

[58,] "OSTRE TOTEN - APELS"

[59,] "FLISA (R)"

[60,] "Utsira Fyr"

[61,] "SKUDENES (R)"

[62,] "SAUDA"

[63,] "TONSTAD (R)"

[64,] "LISTA FYR"

[65,] "MANDAL (R)"

[66,] "LINDESNES (R)"

[67,] "BYGLANDSFJORD (R)"

[68,] "DALEN I TELEMARK II"

[69,] "Oksoey Fyr"

[70,] "KJEVIK (R)"

[71,] "AS"

[72,] "TORUNGEN FYR"

[73,] "LYNGOR (R)"

[74,] "GVARV (R)"

[75,] "KONGSBERG (R)"

[76,] "Ferder Fyr"

[77,] "ASKER"

[78,] "TRYVASSHOGDA (R)"

[79,] "Oslo-Blindern"

[80,] "EIDSBERG (R)"

[81,] "Abisko"

[82,] "Karesuando"

[83,] "Taernaby/Hemavan"

[84,] "Kvikkjokk"

[85,] "Stensele"

[86,] "Jokkmokk"

[87,] "Haparanda"

[88,] "Oestersund"

[89,] "Holmoegadd"

[90,] "Sveg"

[91,] "Haernoesand"

[92,] "Karlstad"

[93,] "Falun"

[94,] "UPPSALA"

[95,] "STOCKHOLM/BROMMA"

[96,] "STOCKHOLM"

[97,] "Svenska Hoegarna"

[98,] "Goeteborg"

[99,] "Vinga"

[100,] "Landsort"

[101,] "Gotska Sandoen"

[102,] "Visby"

[103,] "Oelands Norra Udde"

[104,] "Halmstad"

[105,] "Falsterbo"

[106,] "Vaexjoe"

[107,] "Kalmar"

[108,] "Hoburg"

[109,] "Boraas"

[110,] "Piteaa"

[111,] "Sodankylae"

[112,] "Kuusamo"

[113,] "Oulu"

[114,] "Kajaani"

[115,] "Kuopio"

[116,] "Jyvaeskylae"

[117,] "Tampere"

[118,] "Lappeenranta"

[119,] "Turku"

[120,] "HELSINKI-VANTAA AIRP"

[121,] "Helsinki/Kaisaniemi"

[122,] "LERWICK"

[123,] "KIRKWALL"

[124,] "STORNOWAY"

[125,] "GORDON CASTLE"

[126,] "WICK AIRPORT"

[127,] "ABERDEEN/DYCE"

[128,] "TIREE"

[129,] "GLASGOW"

[130,] "DUMFRIES"

[131,] "EDINBURGH/ROYAL OBS."

[132,] "ESKDALEMUIR OBSERVAT"

[133,] "LEUCHARS"

[134,] "VALLEY"

[135,] "BIDSTON"

[136,] "SHEFFIELD"

[137,] "GORLESTON"

[138,] "LARKHILL"

[139,] "ROSS-ON-WYE"

[140,] "PLYMOUTH/MOUNT BATTE"

[141,] "OXFORD"

[142,] "BRAEMAR"

[143,] "YORK"

[144,] "ROTHAMSTEAD"

[145,] "STONYHURST"

[146,] "SCARBOROUGH"

[147,] "EDGBASTON"

[148,] "DURHAM"

[149,] "COCKLE PARK"

[150,] "CAMBRIDGE"

[151,] "BELFAST/ALDERGROVE"

[152,] "ARMAGH OBSERVATORY"

[153,] "ROCHES POINT"

[154,] "VALENTIA OBS."

[155,] "BIRR"

[156,] "PHOENIX PARK"

[157,] "DUBLIN AIRPORT"

[158,] "MALIN HEAD"

[159,] "Stykkisholmur"

[160,] "Reykjavik"

[161,] "Vestmannaeyar"

[162,] "Akureyri"

[163,] "GRIMSSTADIR"

[164,] "RAUFARHOFN"

[165,] "TEIGARHORN"

[166,] "Teigarhorn"

[167,] "DALATANGI"

[168,] "UPERNAVIK"

[169,] "ILULISSAT/JAKOBSHAVN"

[170,] "GODTHAB/NUUK"

[171,] "IVIGTUT/NARSARSUAQ"

[172,] "JULIANEHAB/QAQORTOQ"

[173,] "AMMASALIK"

[174,] "Torshavn"

[175,] "Vestervig"

[176,] "TARM"

[177,] "Nordby"

[178,] "Tranebjerg"

[179,] "BOGO"

[180,] "Koebenhavn"

[181,] "Hammerodde-Fyr"

[182,] "DE KOOY"

[183,] "DE BILT"

[184,] "EELDE"

[185,] "WINTERSWIJK/HUPSEL"

[186,] "VLISSINGEN"

[187,] "OUDENBOCSH/GILZE-RIZ"

[188,] "GEMERT/VOLKEL"

[189,] "MAASTRICHT"

[190,] "BRUSSELS/UCCLE/CBT"

[191,] "LUXEMBOURG/TOWN"

[192,] "Bern-Zollikofen"

[193,] "Basel-Binningen"

[194,] "Zurich-Fluntern"

[195,] "Saentis"

[196,] "Geneve-Cointrin"

[197,] "Sion"

[198,] "Lugano"

[199,] "Davos"

[200,] "Chaumont"

[201,] "Chateau d'Oex"

[202,] "Segl-Maria (Sils)"

[203,] "Engelberg"

[204,] "PARIS/LE BOURGET"

[205,] "Nancy-Essey-Tomblain"

[206,] "Strasbourg - Entzhei"

[207,] "NANTES"

[208,] "Dijon-Longvic airpor"

[209,] "Lyon-Bron airport"

[210,] "Orange"

[211,] "Montpellier"

[212,] "Nimes airport"

[213,] "Marseille - Marignag"

[214,] "Toulon"

[215,] "Nice airport"

[216,] "OVIEDO EL CRISTO"

[217,] "SANTIAGO/COMPOSTELA"

[218,] "BURGOS/VILLAFRIA"

[219,] "VALLADOLID"

[220,] "BARCELONA"

[221,] "SALAMANCA"

[222,] "MADRID/RETIRO"

[223,] "VALENCIA------------"

[224,] "BADAJOZ"

[225,] "SAN FERNANDO/CADIZ"

[226,] "HORTA"

[227,] "PONTA DELGADA"

[228,] "FUNCHAL"

[229,] "LISBON"

[230,] "COIMBRA/GEOFISICO"

[231,] "MINDELO"

[232,] "ROSTOCK"

[233,] "LEIPZIG"

[234,] "TORGAU"

[235,] "WAHNSDORF"

[236,] "JENA"

[237,] "HELGOLAND"

[238,] "WESTERLAND"

[239,] "SCHLESWIG"

[240,] "KIEL"

[241,] "PUTBUS"

[242,] "NORDERNEY"

[243,] "CUXHAVEN"

[244,] "HAMBURG-FUHLSBUETTEL"

[245,] "LUEBECK-WERFT"

[246,] "SCHWERIN"

[247,] "GRIEFSWALD/WIECK"

[248,] "BREMEN"

[249,] "MARNITZ"

[250,] "ANGERMUENDE"

[251,] "MUNSTER"

[252,] "HANNOVER"

[253,] "MAGDEBURG-----------"

[254,] "POTSDAM"

[255,] "BERLIN"

[256,] "ESSEN"

[257,] "ARNSBERG"

[258,] "KAHLER_ASTEN"

[259,] "KASSEL"

[260,] "COTTBUS"

[261,] "GORLITZ"

[262,] "AACHEN"

[263,] "GIESSEN/WETTENBERG"

[264,] "WASSERKUPPE"

[265,] "MEININGEN"

[266,] "ERFURT/BINDERSLEBEN"

[267,] "FICHTELBERG"

[268,] "TRIER-PETRISBERG"

[269,] "TRIER_(STADT)"

[270,] "NUERBURG"

[271,] "KAISERSLAUTERN"

[272,] "GEISENHEIM"

[273,] "FRANKFURT A MAIN"

[274,] "WUERZBURG_(PHYSIKALI"

[275,] "BAMBERG_(STERNWARTE)"

[276,] "BAYREUTH"

[277,] "Karlsruhe"

[278,] "MANNHEIM"

[279,] "Stuttgart-Schnarrenb"

[280,] "WEIίENBURG"

[281,] "NUERNBERG-BUCHENBUEH"

[282,] "Regensburg"

[283,] "Freiburg/Breisgau"

[284,] "FREUDENSTADT"

[285,] "HEIDENHEIM/BRENZ"

[286,] "Ulm - Giengen"

[287,] "Augsburg"

[288,] "Munchen-Stadt"

[289,] "FELDBERG/SCHWARZWALD"

[290,] "FRIEDRICHSHAFEN"

[291,] "OBERSTDORF"

[292,] "Zugspitze"

[293,] "Hohenpeisenberg"

[294,] "Kollerschlag"

[295,] "Linz-Horsching"

[296,] "Kremsmunster"

[297,] "Freistadt"

[298,] "Stift Zwettl"

[299,] "Retz"

[300,] "St. Polten"

[301,] "Wien-Hohe Warte"

[302,] "Ried"

[303,] "Linz-Stadt"

[304,] "Bregenz"

[305,] "Feldkirch"

[306,] "Patscherkofel"

[307,] "Obergurgel-Vent"

[308,] "Kufstein"

[309,] "Zell am See"

[310,] "Bad Gastein"

[311,] "Sonnblick"

[312,] "Radstadt"

[313,] "Salzburg-Flughafen"

[314,] "Feuerkogel"

[315,] "Bad Ischl"

[316,] "Seckau"

[317,] "Eisenstadt-Sopron"

[318,] "Lienz"

[319,] "Radenthein"

[320,] "Villacher Alpe"

[321,] "Millstatt"

[322,] "St. Andra im Lavantt"

[323,] "Klagenfurt-Flughafen"

[324,] "Schockl"

[325,] "Bad Gleichenberg"

[326,] "Flattach-Kleindorf"

[327,] "Graz - Universitat"

[328,] "Galtur"

[329,] "Innsbruck-Universita"

[330,] "Schmittenhohe"

[331,] "Badgastein-Bockstein"

[332,] "Rauris"

[333,] "Waidhofen/Ybbs"

[334,] "Reichenau/Rax"

[335,] "PRAHA/RUZYNE AIRPORT"

[336,] "BRNO/TURANY AIRPORT"

[337,] "Bratislava"

[338,] "Hurbanovo"

[339,] "SZCZECIN/DABIE"

[340,] "GORZOW_WLKP"

[341,] "POZNAN/LAWICA"

[342,] "WARSAW-OKECIE"

[343,] "ZIELONA GORA"

[344,] "WROCLAW-STRACHOWICE"

[345,] "SKLARSKA_POREBA"

[346,] "SNIEZKA"

[347,] "KRAKOW"

[348,] "Sopron"

[349,] "Szombathely"

[350,] "Mosonmagyarovar"

[351,] "Budapest - Lorinc Ai"

[352,] "DEBRECEN-REPULOTER"

[353,] "Osijek"

[354,] "Ljubljana"

[355,] "CELJE"

[356,] "Kocevje"

[357,] "Zagreb-Gric"

[358,] "Pula"

[359,] "Crikvenica"

[360,] "Gospic"

[361,] "Split"

[362,] "Hvar"

[363,] "Jajce"

[364,] "Tuzla"

[365,] "Mostar"

[366,] "Sarajewo"

[367,] "SIBIU"

[368,] "SULINA"

[369,] "BUCARESTI/FILARET"

[370,] "Bozen/Bolzano"

[371,] "Trento Sud"

[372,] "Passo Rolle"

[373,] "Trento"

[374,] "Udine"

[375,] "Aosta-Airport"

[376,] "Torino"

[377,] "Milano-Brera"

[378,] "Verona-Villafranca a"

[379,] "Padova"

[380,] "Venezia-Cavanis"

[381,] "Trieste"

[382,] "Genova-University"

[383,] "Parma"

[384,] "Ferrara"

[385,] "Mantova"

[386,] "Bologna"

[387,] "Imperia"

[388,] "Firenze-Ximeniano"

[389,] "Perugia"

[390,] "FOGGIA"

[391,] "LUQA"

[392,] "ATHINAI/OBSERVATORY"

[393,] "SAMSUN"

[394,] "RIZE"

[395,] "EDIRNE"

[396,] "ISTANBUL/GOZTEPE"

[397,] "ERZURUM"

[398,] "ANKARA/CENTRAL"

[399,] "IZMIR"

[400,] "DIYARBAKIR"

[401,] "ANTALYA"

[402,] "ADANA INCIRLIK"

[403,] "LEFKOSIA"

[404,] "DIKSON"

[405,] "MALYE KARMAKULY-----"

[406,] "MYS SHALAUROVA------"

[407,] "TIKSI---------------"

[408,] "OSTROV VRANGELJA"

[409,] "TERIBERKA-----------"

[410,] "KOLA"

[411,] "MURMANSK"

[412,] "LOVOZERO"

[413,] "GREMIKHA (BAY)------"

[414,] "KANIN NOS-----------"

[415,] "KANDALAKSA"

[416,] "INDIGA--------------"

[417,] "KOVDA"

[418,] "PJALICA"

[419,] "SOSNOVETS ISLAND----"

[420,] "ZIZGIN--------------"

[421,] "ZIMNEGORSKIJ MAJAK"

[422,] "INCY"

[423,] "KEM-PORT"

[424,] "UNSKIJ MAJAK"

[425,] "ARHANGELSK"

[426,] "PINEGA"

[427,] "KOJNAS"

[428,] "SEGEZA"

[429,] "ONEGA"

[430,] "VENDINGA"

[431,] "MEDVEZEGORSK"

[432,] "KONDOPOGA"

[433,] "SENKURSK------------"

[434,] "JARENSK"

[435,] "SORTAVALA"

[436,] "PUDOZ"

[437,] "VYTEGRA"

[438,] "NJANDOMA"

[439,] "VYBORG--------------"

[440,] "TOKSOVO-------------"

[441,] "OLONEC"

[442,] "SVIRICA"

[443,] "BELOZERSK"

[444,] "VOZEGA"

[445,] "NARJAN-MAR"

[446,] "SALEHARD------------"

[447,] "UST-CILMA"

[448,] "TURUHANSK"

[449,] "UST-SUGOR"

[450,] "BEREZOVO"

[451,] "VERHNEIMBATSK-------"

[452,] "TROICKO-PECHERSKOE"

[453,] "OKTJABRSKOE---------"

[454,] "UST-KULOM"

[455,] "SYKTYVKAR"

[456,] "SURGUT"

[457,] "CHERDYN-------------"

[458,] "VERHOJANSK"

[459,] "VILJUJSK"

[460,] "OJMJAKON"

[461,] "OLEKMINSK"

[462,] "JAKUTSK"

[463,] "UST-MAJA"

[464,] "SREDNE KOLYMSK------"

[465,] "MYS UELEN-----------"

[466,] "MARKOVO"

[467,] "TALLINN"

[468,] "ST.-PETERSBURG"

[469,] "PSKOV"

[470,] "BOLOGOE"

[471,] "LIEPAJA"

[472,] "RIGA"

[473,] "VELIKIE LUKI"

[474,] "TOROPETS------------"

[475,] "KAUNAS"

[476,] "KALININGRAD"

[477,] "VILNIUS"

[478,] "SMOLENSK"

[479,] "MINSK"

[480,] "BRJANSK"

[481,] "TRUBCEVSK-----------"

[482,] "VOLOGDA"

[483,] "CEREPOVEC"

[484,] "KOLOGRIV------------"

[485,] "KIROV"

[486,] "MAKSATIKHA----------"

[487,] "KOSTROMA"

[488,] "NIZNIJ NOVGOROD-----"

[489,] "KAZAN"

[490,] "MOSKVA"

[491,] "KOLOMNA-------------"

[492,] "LUKOJANOV"

[493,] "PORETSKOE-----------"

[494,] "RJAZAN`-------------"

[495,] "PAVELEC"

[496,] "ZAMETCINO-----------"

[497,] "INZA----------------"

All stations can be found at references of paper.

Hope this helps.

Dear Kenneth, yes there exists an asymmetry, since we have unique 1855 western valid stations and 1136 unique eastern ones.

Summaries, for western annual averages:

Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.

-17.370 6.858 10.220 10.630 14.720 31.320

Eastern annual averages:

  Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.

-17.240 2.383 7.358 8.134 12.810 30.800

Observe that extreme values are similar, so my Extreme Value analysis has meaning.

See also the global plot.

PS Why at Clayton's paper are there so few stations? (just 286?)

Thank you all for your great contributions.

Dear Kenneth,

The fact that western NH seems to be warmer comes close with my concluding remarks, since I have indicated this fact at Fig. 1-2. (The reverse would be a problem for my work). We also see that we need a kind of 'grid' for all Earth, in order to have the same station density. Now we observe asymmetry.

As for DE BILT station (see next), my data is HadCRUT and I think that you found a good question for that Institution!

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec avg

1931 2.7 1.3 2.4 7.2 13.5 15.2 16.5 15.8 11.7 9.0 6.9 3.5 8.808333

1932 4.1 1.6 3.1 7.2 12.1 14.9 17.4 18.9 14.9 9.4 5.7 3.7 9.416667

1933 0.2 2.9 6.8 8.3 12.0 15.4 18.0 17.4 14.9 10.0 4.1 -1.9 9.008333

1934 2.3 3.5 4.8 10.2 12.0 15.8 17.6 16.2 16.1 11.4 5.6 7.4 10.241667

1935 3.0 4.4 5.0 7.8 10.9 16.4 17.6 17.2 14.2 9.8 7.3 2.8 9.700000

1936 4.8 2.3 6.5 6.1 12.9 16.4 16.3 16.9 14.2 8.8 5.4 3.5 9.508333

1937 2.7 4.9 3.4 8.7 14.1 15.6 16.6 17.4 13.5 11.0 4.8 1.8 9.541667

1938 4.1 3.5 7.7 6.8 11.0 15.3 16.0 17.9 15.1 9.6 8.9 0.6 9.708333

1939 4.4 3.6 4.5 9.1 11.9 16.2 16.9 17.6 15.2 7.7 7.5 1.2 9.650000

1940 -5.4 -1.2 5.2 8.9 13.1 16.5 15.7 15.2 13.0 8.9 6.9 0.9 8.141667

Are there available as raw data (of similar form to HadCRUT) your above mentioned data sets for decades 20's, 30's or even from 1700? Because I'd like to do a similar study and compare data sets...

(Their form as pdf's is not a problem, they can be easily converted to more friendly formats)

I don't think that I agree with any kind of adjustment for the temperatures, on the contrary I strongly recomend:

• the existence of financial funding in order to reliably and without missing values operate an equidistant grid of stations, by using even commercial ships 

Any kind of adjustment is problematic.

I took the raw data from CRUTEM because:

• was in real monthly base
• was of a global coverage, both NH & SH and 6190 total stations

If there exist another source of NOT adjusted and ASCII available raw data, then I'd appreciate the direct url link for it!

PS Dear Kenneth, as you can see from the NH-SH difference of 2.5 oC, the project of adjustment temperature for urban heat (UHI) was not so successful...

Dear Kenneth, thank you for the raw data.

As you can see they cover the USA continental area.

Do you know the numeric format? For example here:

PW100010148 1931 658 562 782 1604 2207 2655 2801 2745 2221 1666 1268 612

PW100010148 1932 544 495 761 1510 2133 2448 2666 2654 2384 1607 966 605

PW100010148 1933 225 864 1345 1683 2311 2504 2624 2702 2383 1748 1066 536

PW100010148 1934 582 419 933 1484 1855 2423 2601 2422 2254 1678 1076 458

PW100010148 1935 625 773 1062 1430 2046 2476 2981 2712 2259 1616 1050 898

PW100010148 1936 541 560 902 1404 1997 2485 2669 2562 2404 1465 930 719

PW100010148 1937 520 114 1171 1624 2136 2431 2552 2657 2295 1680 1063 581

PW100010148 1938 370 254 819 1150 2020 2338 2548 2601 2346 1333 1051 348

PW100010148 1939 351 528 932 1436 2124 2432 2750 2535 2264 1768 1053 617

PW100010148 1940 360 986 1305 1692 2282 2564 2750 2751 2320 1688 1118 -9999

I understand that -9999=NA (missing) and we have Jan-Dec values, but what is a value of "658"? Maybe is 6.58 and maybe oF?

Do you think that it would be a good idea to make a study on US temperature based on those raw data?

PS At least CRUTEM was global data.

Dear Kenneth, thanks for the data info.

The numbers I have posted are from the attached raw data file "PW100010148.raw.tavg" which according to the data description corresponds to the station:

"PW100010148 34.23 -86.17 +6 01 348 ALBERTVILLE 2 SE "

and is the first entry of the 2nd attached file station list "world1_stnlist.tavg".

All files come from your above mentioned link:

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/ushcn/

and more precisely from:

ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ushcn/v2.5/

So, if they make no sense, then the data source makes no sense.

PS Why do they name their files 'world1_...', although they are strictly US locations?

Dear Kenneth,

I think I will agree with you on the difficulty of tracing meteorological data.

As I work deeper inside that field I realize that we have not the right to make any kind of inferences about temperature evolution in the future.

Let's first succeed to measure reliably temperatures and then, maybe, we will be able to make inferences...

Hm, interesting combination...

The good point with Dutch people is that they have full records from 1700.

The bad point is that their population density is one of the highest all around the world!

The two lines presented at your upper charts seem to be almost identical, but probably could be the scaling effect.

I think that if we could find reliable data on Urban and Industrial heat effects, then we could probably create a good work, study, paper or whatever on the question about CO2 or industrial heating...

But, do such data sets exist? Or we will just get in trouble one more time?

What do you think?

As for your last chart, I remember a discussion about Mauna Loa station of Hawaii.

As long as the tourism increases, then the CO2 emissions of airplanes also increase.

Look the attached google earth map, where you will find 3 major and 3 minor airports.

It's a big puzzle.

My first thoughts:

Hm, let me doubt a lot. 

See attached plot for file "world1_stnlist.tavg" that I had uploaded before some days.

You will observe almost the same density for HCN (green) with common (blue) stations.

For a total of 7720 stations only 1210 of them (~16%) are HCN.

Do you think that such a density has solved the problem?

Thanks a lot to all for the links and discussions. We have to think for the ill effects from the increase of surface water temperatures and salinity in world oceans. Is it possible to overcome the worse outcome through technology?

Dear Kenneth,

We are doing a discussion and I realize that many of the proposals have already been tested.

Since you have worked for many-many years on that or similar fields, your proposals are what matters, that's why I asked you about what is worth doing.

Dear Shankhadeep, sorry for changing the route of your question. My opinion is that first of all we should be able to measure what we want. Then we analyse our findings and if we are lucky we can make inferences as well. As for technology capabilities, I do not know what are the available tools for the remedy of a possible worse overcome.

Dear Kenneth, actually increase in surface water temperature and salinity is not good at all for marine and estuarine biota. We will also passively affected from these. Hence, climate experts are trying to curb the ill effects through technology from long past. But what I have asked here in RG is that: is there any effective technology invented till now? If you know, you can share your valuable thought. Hope you now understand my question well.

Dear Demetris, thanks a lot for your anticipation.

Regards,

Shankhadeep

But, in the Bay of Bengal the story is different!!!

The mean surface water temperature has increased over 4 degree Celsius for last two decades, which is not a matter of joke. For the Indian ocean the change of SST is also quite high.

Obviously the climate change is occurring at a great pace posing threat to us.

We can't say from observation only if the decadal variation of SST is merely an effect of "El-Nino" or a "natural" change as you have asked. Whatever the reason of the climatic change is, it is a fact that  the outcome is surely not good for "biotic" community!!!!!

Thanks.

Thanks a lot @dear Demetris for the links you attached with your answer.

I am confused at what you are trying to tell!!!

The biotic community is directly affected by rise in temperature and salinity. It is the fact. Anyway, there is nothing to do with your El-Nino by people from any part of the world. Sorry, I could not understand what you are trying to prove here. Although, thanks for sharing your all personal ideas here in my inbox.

Yes, Sir you are correct. I am a researcher in the field of climate change and its impact on biotic community; Hence, I needed your valuable response about how we can minimize the effect of rising temperature and salinity on biotic community. That is what I am after.

Hoping that you will share your thoughts and links (if possible) related to this.

Regards,

Shankhadeep

But still no clue about solution have come from "your" side......Every action has an equal and opposite reaction dear Kenneth. You have attached a graph related to Indian situation. I have asked for the clue to resolve the bad effect on biota!!! Please add your answer only to this context dear.

You are welcome again for doing all these.

Dear Shankhadeep,

Here are the stations of the broader region of India, from my recent work.

As you can see, their density is not satisfactory for the places close to sea front.

Dear Shankhadeep,

Look the annual average temperatures for broader India region.

What do you think about:

Dear Kenneth, thanks a lot for the article. I was in search for this type of article and asking you repeatedly for contribution. I have got my answer. Dear Demetris, thank you for your contribution.

Dear Kenneth and Shankhadeep, read Kenneth's newspaper article in a simple txt file.

Regards.

Dear Kenneth, by LAND we mean stations for non island regions?

(We have to accept a common definition of Land:

Is Sri Lanka land or not, for example?

I guess Hawaii is not land... Am I correct?)

An alternative definition could be:

• stations at a certain elevation
• stations at a certain distance from sea

Give me a definition of land and I'll proceed.

Thank you.

Dear Kenneth,

According to your definition of sea land station I'd say that all stations used at my work are land ones, since, from their description details, they are always in a land place and not on buoys.

So, my work gives the results of LAND temperature.

From my results (by taking only valid station) we have in summary:

1)Mean 20th century = 10.1 degrees Celsius and not 8.5 as the NOAA report writes

2)If we compute the 'anomaly' using that mean we will not find the results of the report again, on the contrary almost all years are below the avergage, see attached plot.

Dear Kenneth,

Yes, my results are for Northern Hemisphere only, since we cannot (mine opinion) define a global Earth temperature due to the seasonal opposite directions (negative correlation with rho close to -1 for the NH and SH temperature measures)

I cannot judge about the NOAA data, if you remember I had done a preliminary analysis for some US continental data and I found many Non Available entries, so I didn't proceed.

If I find all the NOAA data base for NH, then probably I will create a similar paper in order to compare the quality of the CRUTEM and NOAA dbases.

For the moment, I simply cannot infer about!

Hello,

Interesting discussion above, listed below are some useful reference sources regarding ocean dynamics, world temperature changes (over time) and global weather systems.

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ctl/cliihis100.html

http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/o_strat.html

http://marinebio.org/oceans/temperature/