Why Biochemistry or Immunology or Microbiology etc. are included in Basic Science?
According to Sharad Sinha from Singapore, basic science principally refers to the scientific disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics. The principal idea behind something being labelled as basic science is that study of basic science leads to a better understanding of natural phenomena. It looks for "knowledge and discovery of facts" to enable one to understand an already existing phenomenon. For instance, Botany teaches you how plants grow, how plants synthesize food, why their leaves are green etc. Physics teaches you why things fall, what produces light etc. Mathematics teaches you what numbers are and how they are evaluated, what equations are and how they are solved. Most of basic science related study does not look for an application that would benefit from it.
Hi there,
It depends! Obviously you are interested in medical basic science which include all the fields required to study medicine.
From a general point of view basic science includes mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology.
Physics , Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology comes under basic science in general. But biochemistry, microbiology etc are the branch of basic science, basically which comes under applied science.
Now a days science is divided with basic and applied. Biochemistry/ immuno/ microbiology is included into basic science but it is not true, bcz there are application based research or out put is there, e.g. fermentation industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry etc. But these subjects were introduced long back so they are known as basic science.
Basic(refere to that somthing is necessary ) science(knowledge obtained by observation and testing of facts) or enquiry about living and non living things in our environment
also Basic science refers to research which is not pursued with the aim of producing new technologies
Basic science is occupiez of basic organisme7 as bacteries, (microbiology- its biochemistry, is a good exemple for diversifications7
Basic sciences in general are Chymistry,Physics,Mathematics and Biology.Basic cours
es for medicine are subtitles of Biology such as Anatomy,Physiology,Microbiology and Biochemistry.Also there are basic subtitles of Agriculture and Engineering.......etc
Basic science, such as understanding how cells work, is research aimed at understanding fundamental problems. Applied science, such as the medical field, is the application of basic scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
In ALL the fields you mentioned you can do basic AND applied research. It depends on what you do. If you want to understand BASIC functions or just to unterstand how the system works, with no direct intention to use it to develop a product it is basic research. It has nothing to do with how basic bacteria are or with the quality of the research.
In the English language the classifications of any subject, for the purposes of organization and systematization happens according to the needs and circumstances of the users and practitioners of that filed of study. As such, classifications, to a very large extent, might appear arbitrary and at times questionable. In addition, classifications may change and morph over time misleading further to the dismay of the outsiders. If the intent of these questions (what & why) is to invalidate that premise, then, perhaps this might not be the right forum where the logic of contrary assertions are not meant to be debated but merely pursued by their practitioners to their logical conclusions.
It is somehow desirable to consider Epidemiology and Biostatistics as basic sciences, and when used to solve public health and medical problems they are applied sciences. So they are necedsary knowledge as basic science?
According to Sharad Sinha from Singapore, basic science principally refers to the scientific disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics. The principal idea behind something being labelled as basic science is that study of basic science leads to a better understanding of natural phenomena. It looks for "knowledge and discovery of facts" to enable one to understand an already existing phenomenon. For instance, Botany teaches you how plants grow, how plants synthesize food, why their leaves are green etc. Physics teaches you why things fall, what produces light etc. Mathematics teaches you what numbers are and how they are evaluated, what equations are and how they are solved. Most of basic science related study does not look for an application that would benefit from it.
In this modern world, I think basic research is the fundamental element and base which is the needed to find and innovative in the scientific world. In predicting, developing, discovering and to intervene the natural cause of many diseases and to finally find cure.
Fundamental science is understood as theoretical research and experimental research in various fields of scientific activity. Its purpose is to reveal the most general laws that are characteristic of phenomena of reality. Fundamental science is responsible for developing the principles of both natural science and humanitarian disciplines. In its framework, basic theoretical concepts are developed that become the basis for applied research.
The goal of fundamental science is not immediate implementation of the identified principles and patterns in practice. This is its main difference from applied science. However, concrete results of fundamental research very often find utilitarian application, influencing the practical use of the revealed regularities. At the heart of almost all discoveries and technological solutions lie the knowledge obtained within the framework of fundamental science.
***
Basic Medicine (Basic disciplines)
Human anatomy;
Physiology;
Medical physics;
Histology;
Genetics;
Pathological anatomy;
Pathological physiology;
Toxicology;
Biochemistry (molecular biology);
Pharmacology;
Microbiology;
Immunology, allergology.
Fundamental science is science for the sake of science. This is part of research activities without specific commercial or other practical purposes,
Fundamental science is a science aimed at the creation of theoretical concepts and models, the practical applicability of which is not obvious.
Fundamental studies include experimental and theoretical research aimed at obtaining new knowledge without any specific purpose related to the use of this knowledge. Their result is hypotheses, theories, methods, and so on. ... Fundamental research can conclude with recommendations on setting applied research to identify opportunities for practical use of the results obtained, scientific publications, etc.
The National Science Foundation of the United States is given a definition of the concept of fundamental research:
Fundamental research is a part of research activities aimed at replenishing the general scope of theoretical knowledge ... They do not have pre-determined commercial goals, although they can be implemented in areas of interest or interest in the future for business practitioners.
The task of the fundamental sciences is the cognition of laws that govern the behavior and interaction of the basic structures of nature, society and thought. These laws and structures are studied in a "pure form", as such, without regard to their possible use.
Natural science is an example of fundamental science. It is aimed at the knowledge of nature, such as it is in itself no matter what application its discoveries will be: space exploration or pollution of the environment. And science does not pursue any other goal. It is a science for science, i.e. knowledge of the surrounding world, the discovery of fundamental laws of life and the increase of fundamental knowledge.
The fundamental science for developing primarily in universities and academies of sciences is often called academic. Academic science, as a rule, is a fundamental science, a science not for practical applications, but for the sake of pure science. In life this is often true, but "often" does not mean "always".
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"Basic science is fundamental science
....
Some scientists devote their entire lives to understanding and describing key experimental phenomena in their fields of study: that is, they engage in “basic science”. Physicists may want to understand how matter and forces interact and to describe the fundamental laws that govern their interactions. Biologists and medical scientists may want to understand how cells develop to form entire organisms, how they communicate and defend themselves.
It is the answers to these questions constitutes our understanding of Nature, and the organization of these answers into theories and models is what provides the driving force behind all technological and medical advances. In other words, “basic science” is really “fundamental science” — it is the science at the heart of human knowledge.
Applied or translational science, on the other hand, refers to our ability to take this basic knowledge and apply it to real-world problems, such as designing an airplane, developing a vaccine, surgical techniques, or a treatment for a specific disease."...
Please, go to the attached website link to read the rest of the interesting article about the thread...
https://speakingofresearch.com/2009/08/07/basic-science-is-fundamental-science/
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
" Basic Sciences Education
One of the pressing matters on the list of targets of Science Education is the global outreach to the younger generation, as the steady decline of enrollment of young people in science is cause for concern. It by in this endeavor that UNESCO’s work in Science Education aims to make a difference.
Providing a sound basis in Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry enables the youth to pursue their goals, regardless of their background. A socially responsible future generation will need to have these qualities instilled at an early level, to be able to apply all the standards and models that today’s scientists are working on, whether environmental or societal. Microscience kits are distributed through teaching workshops as part of the Global Microscience Project, which hopes to instill quality demonstrative abilities and interest on the teaching level, resulting in increased participation from the student’s side. One such workshop is Active Learning in Optics and Photonics (ALOP), a highly adaptable workshop, held in different developing countries, enhancing participants’ capacities to train and educate through an application of the successful program.
Following the International Year of Mathematics (2000) UNESCO collaborated with the French organization Centre Sciences to develop the International Traveling Mathematical Exhibition (ITEMS). Presented successfully in over 32 different countries, it attracted over 1.2 million visitors and over 20,000 teachers from Southern and West Africa, China and East Asia, Latin America, Russia and Western Europe.
The World Library of Science, in association with the Nature Publishing Group, is a transformative resource for secondary and university-level students, promising a database for current, high quality, research based information on all concepts of life and physical sciences.
With the support of its partners, UNESCO works on preparing the future generation in many ways: their contributions give momentum to regional networking events which are a key player in the development of the exchange between governments and the private sector. These partners, some of which are scientific research institutes, facilities and centers help mobilize the energy of the youth and the enthusiasm and quality of educators."
Please, go to the attached website link to see the reference...
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/science-education/basic-sciences/
Basic science is curiosity driven, exploration oriented and new knowledge generating science that may or may to meet the immediate practical needs; however, may be able to provide answer to a large number important and challenging problems. Basic science follows a variety of approach that lead to new advances in science. Many of the most important discoveries of the past that have immense applied value today are the offshoot of basic science.
All definitions above are right - it is new knowledge generating new advanced knowledges and science,
Basic sciences are physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. They provide us with the basic knowledge of this universe. Engineering, medicine, agriculture, among others, are all applied sciences.
As for mathematics, I don't consider it a basic science. It is based on logic, and although it provides us with some tools to understand chemistry and physics, it is different from the basic sciences since it usually does not follow the scientific method of research and does not use experimentation like the others.
What is Basic Science?
It is a philosophical question, but touches the bottom of Science.
This leads us to ask the following question:
Than what science?
one could argue that physics is the only basic science, as chemistry, biology etc are based on arrangements of atoms and subatomic particles and at least theoretically could be described in physical terms..
mathematics is the language of physics.
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Please, see the attached poster and go to the attached website link to read the interesting Presentation on theme: "Physics – The Basic Science Topics Scientific Method Identify Variables Scientific Attitude Science & Technology Activities Class Work."
http://slideplayer.com/slide/9049576/
There is a spectrum between pure applied research and pure basic science, and the motivation behind an experiment makes all the difference. If your motivation is knowledge for knowledge’s sake, then you’re doing basic science. If your motivation is to get results that can be used to make a better vaccine, lighter engineering material, faster network architecture, etc., then it’s applied research. In this way applied research is a top-down style of scientific inquiry, while basic science is bottom-up.
http://blogs.plos.org/thestudentblog/2013/11/19/translational-research-vs-basic-science-comparing-apples-to-upside-down-apples/
Added on 30 August 2017
I would like to express my opinion. Basic sciences (independent of the nature) are philosophy, music, mathematics (handles with such ideal as Gauss distribution or Normal distributuion; i.e., there seems to be no Normal distribution in the Nature), and rhetoric. Then, it is noteworthy that Nobel Prize has not been given to any of the basic scientists yet; i.e., French Philosopher Dr. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre has rejected the prize.
Other sciences considering the Nature and Humans are all applied sciences; i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, history, jurisprudence, literature, economics etc.
With respect to the "healthy meal", my biochemical study (result of applied science) has suggested that digestion and absorption are not closely linked to nutrition. Polysaccharide Fucoidan (sulphated poly-L-fucose) has recently been found to be absorbed as an intact high-molecular-mass molecule without any digestion (please see file; SEC fucoidan determination). Then, the purpose of digestion seems to prevent the allergy. Bovine milk sometimes induce allergy to humans. However, Lactobacillus casei, which uniquely uptakes β- Casein and β- Lactoglobulin into the cell, and the products of fermented milk (such as cheese and Yogurt) seem to prevent allergy due to bovine milk. This result may be one of contributions of Biochemistry to Clinical Nutrition or Medicine.
Further, I agree with Dr. P.F. Zabrodskii. However, Russia seems to be in the forefront of Fucoidan research (Foodstuffs research) together with Brazil and Japan. I have not been supported by any Japanese fund to research lately. I also think that the Protein Biochemistry and Glyco Biology (applied science but seems to be basic science contributing medicine) in Japan seems to be surely in the crisis.
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Physics is the most basic part of science and, of course, math. It gives you insight into everything - a foundation, I should say, to understand nature and the universe.
---- Fred Kavli
The development of domestic fundamental science as the most important factor in modernizing the Russian Federation
Over the past two decades, domestic science has significantly surrendered its position in world ratings. This well-known fact contrasts with the significant growth of scientific research and the share in the world science of such states as Brazil, India and China ( ie other countries of the system called the BRIC). One of the most authoritative researchers of Soviet and Russian science, L. Graham, undertook an analysis of the consequences of perestroika and the state of science in Russia after 1991. In his opinion, "the economic crisis of the 1990s brought the Russian science to ruin closer than the political repressions of Stalin's times" [Graham, 1998, p. 16]. Since the late 1990s. the situation of Russian science has not improved. If the G-7 countries spend 500 (or more) billions of dollars per year on the development of science, now the Russian Federation has a maximum of 1.5-2 billion.
Despite repeated loud statements by the highest representatives of the Russian authorities on the urgent need for modernization of the Russian Federation, there are no significant breakthroughs in the financing of science and higher education, and, therefore, in the foreseeable future (five or even ten years) hardly it is necessary. In this regard, the problem of preserving the scientific potential becomes particularly acute. The natural aging of scientific personnel, the outflow of scientists and teachers (engaged in scientific research) into other spheres of activity, a sharp decline in the prestige of scientific and pedagogical professions gives the problem of preserving scientific potential the status of a problem that predetermines Russia's future as a highly developed country, even in dreams of claiming to enter the "golden billion "of humanity. At present, Russia can only be talked about as a developing state, and the potential for its development towards the creation of a postindustrial society is wholly determined by the state and prospects for the development of scientific and educational structures that are only able to change the structure of the formation of the domestic national product - to significantly reduce the raw material component and increase Component, formed by products obtained as a result of application of high technologies and intellectual activity.
Valentin BAZHANOV
11/29/2010
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_A._Bazhanov
***
http://www.studfiles.ru/preview/5856249/
Domestic fundamental science (RF) has always been financed primarily by the state. Therefore, for her, a sharp drop in the volume of budget funding for science was critical. Of course, in recent years the situation has changed for the better, however, until now, the amount of financing adequate to the tasks of developing basic science has not been achieved, the relative values of which would have approached the level of developed countries (by share in GDP, per researcher, etc.). Together with the low costs of business for science (and mainly focused on the adaptation of imported technologies), this creates a difficult environment for the development of domestic fundamental science.
Conferences and the like tend to separate presentations/reports into either 'Clinical Science' or 'Basic Science'. Clinical science tends to involve (as one would expect) clinical data. The title 'Basic Science' covers a multitude of topics and areas (or to put it another way - everything that isn't Clinical Science), and is used as a less clumsy term than 'Non-Clinical Science'.
The 'Basic' is not there to mean 'simple', it is there because it provides the knowledge that underpins clinical science and medicine.
Sometimes the word 'Fundamental' is used instead to get away from the 'simple' association.
Home Economics is not a basic science but if you need to work as a home economist you need to study basic science such as chemistry, physics , mathematics, and biology. In order to describe a healthy meal you need to understand how the food is digested, absorbed, utilized, what is a calorie, what is citric acid cycle... etc without basic science you can not understand a healthy meal is?
Best regards
Aly
Fundamental science is understood as theoretical research and experimental research in various fields of scientific activity. Its goal is to identify the most common patterns inherent in the phenomena of reality. Fundamental science is responsible for developing the principles of both natural science and humanitarian disciplines. In its framework, basic theoretical concepts are developed that become the basis for applied research.
The goal of fundamental science is not immediate implementation of the identified principles and patterns in practice. This is its main difference from applied science. However, concrete results of fundamental research very often find utilitarian application, influencing the practical use of the revealed regularities. At the heart of almost all discoveries and technological solutions lie the knowledge obtained within the framework of fundamental science.
Initially, the field of interest of fundamental research was natural science. The sciences of nature largely depended on theoretical constructions that explained the numerous facts accumulated by naturalists. At present, fundamental research is increasingly shifting towards humanitarian disciplines. It also requires generalizations and the development of basic scientific principles.
The main function of fundamental science is epistemological, that is cognitive. In the course of such studies, ideas are being developed about the laws of nature and society, which are universal in nature. The essential features of fundamental science are traditionally referred to the spatial and temporal community of ongoing research, as well as the existence of a certain methodological concept.
Over the past two decades, significant progress in diagnosing and treating cancer is only possible because of our efforts to understand the biological mechanisms underpinning cancer.
See "Progress against Cancer: The Role of Basic Science"
https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2015/bypass-basic-science
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
I would like you to read this interesting article that entitled:
"The use of basic science: Why governments must support basic science
by C.H. Llewellyn Smith,
Funding of basic science is important for society as a whole, but is not in the interest of any individual investor. Those who make fundamental discoveries generally do not reap the benefits –the laws of nature cannot be protected and the applications are too long-term and unpredictable– and the cultural and educational benefits do not generate direct profits.
Newton's heirs (if he had had any) would be rich if it had been possible to patent the calculus and they received a royalty whenever it was used, but one cannot patent laws of mathematics.
Few scientists have the foresight of Faraday who, in reply to Gladstone's question "What use is electricity?" replied "One day Sir you may tax it". More typical is the remark of Rutherford, the discoverer of the nucleus, who as late as the mid-1930s stated that "Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of atoms is talking moonshine".
Quantum mechanics led to modern electronics and lasers, but even with the benefit of hind-sight, investment in the research which led to quantum mechanics would not have been a good commercial investment; the underlying knowledge could not have been protected, the time-lag was too long and the results too unpredictable.
So investment in basic science is not of interest for any individual enterprise, but it is nevertheless very important for society as a whole, i.e. basic science is what economists call a "public good". Public goods are items such as lighthouses and defence, which are expensive to produce, but once produced are essentially automatically available to all even if they are unwilling to pay. Such items are generally only likely to be supported collectively by governments.
Governments should therefore support basic science, on the basis of the benefits of the directly acquired knowledge, the spin-offs and the training, as well as cultural grounds. Whenever profit is easily foreseeable, industry will invest and governments can generally stay away, although they can play some role e.g. by encouraging contacts and collaboration between industry and universities. Much of applied research is therefore the responsibility of industry. However, the situation is not entirely clear cut, since whether applied research will lead to direct profits is not always predictable, e.g. research on heart disease could lead to patentable drugs, or to the need for a better diet and more exercise. Furthermore, public funding of applied research on topics such as the environment or issues affecting transport policy is obviously necessary.
This analysis leads to the questions
1- If funding of basic science is not in the interest of any individual, is it in the interest of any individual country?
2- How to choose what to fund, and at what level?"...
Please, see the attached website link for more details...
https://public-archive.web.cern.ch/public-archive/en/About/BasicScience4-en.html
It is generally accepted that Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics are basic sciences. But my understanding is basic science is actually what we call 'science'' and it's applied part may be termed as technology (sometimes called applied science). In that way every disciplines has basic and applied aspects. For example, in biology (in various sub disciplines biochemistry, microbiology, plant science.....) when we study the immune mechanism of a bacteria against virus--is a kind of basic science (because we are looking for the mechanisms, phenomenon already exists there). However, when we learn the mechanism and apply this for our purpose such as using CRISPR/Case9 tool to edit the gene of interest in plant, microbe, human and animal it becomes an applied aspect of this science (applied science/technology). So, what my conclusion is every applied science builds on one or more basic science and every basic science may generates one or more applied science (technology). It may not be appropriate to say, microbiology or immunology are basic sciences or applied sciences but they are blended and so are in the case of physics, chemistry.....etc. Thus many refer basic physics and applied physics, basics math/simply math and applied math and so on.
In America the government, as intended, was not allowed to fund anything beyond the military. We are far past that now and just as slow to approve funding as most governments so we fund out of date ideas or solutions.
It is difficult to answer "Why Biochemistry or Immunology or Microbiology etc. are included in Basic Science?" without a context.
Is it a question of curriculum requirements or is it the building blocks without which your ability to reach your research goals is diminished?
I may be a bit simplistic when I say that everything you know fuels your imagination that creates new questions that are the springboard into seeking, researching, for more information, puzzle pieces, which creates new questions....
The foundation subjects like Anatomy ,Physiology, Biochemistry which deals with the structure of organs, theirs functions and the vital role played in metabolic activity are considered as Basic science.
In order to understand and to know the metabolic disorders and associated problems, basic foundations should be strong.
I appreciate the answer of Ms Susen Trail - " everthing you know fuels your imagination...etc". It is very eloquent and universal.
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Please, see the attached presentation on "Conceptual Physics 11th Edition", This lecture will help you understand:
What Science Is
Scientific Measurements
Mathematics—The Language of Science
Scientific Methods
The Scientific Attitude
Science, Art, and Religion
Science and Technology
Physics—The Basic Science
See the link...
http://slideplayer.com/slide/677090/
Hi Bokhtiar: a Good day.
As explained by all scholars above, basic science is science that unfolds natural phenomena, reactions & interactions that are already there in the nature or within a biological system. one such recent breakthrough is the revelation of human gut microbiome, that is said to be going to change the faoundation of modern medicine and treatments. The 2016 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine, was awarded (to Prof Yoshinori Ohsumi) for unfolding of Autopgagy mechanism in yeast culture. These discoveries may also answer your question of why are Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology included in basic science. Good luck.
Please refer to the following articles:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4290017/pdf/nihms-649791.pdf
https://www.scientificamerican.com/report/innovations-in-the-microbiome/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990190/
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/advanced-medicineprize2016.pdf
On the foundations of fundamental science
http://antipin-sl.livejournal.com/3332500.html
"In fact, metamathematics is the most fundamental and theoretically advanced part of research on the grounds of science."
dear
Definition of basic science. : any one of the sciences (such as anatomy, physiology, bacteriology, pathology, or biochemistry) fundamental to the study of medicine.
from this link
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basic%20science
regards
The chemicals and chemicals reactions in earth (Non Living Things) referred as chemistry. The chemical changes in biological system later referred as biochemistry . Before that we study anatomy and physiology of living system. THEN LATER CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM KEPT UNDER A CATEGORY CALLED BIO+CHEMISTRY. It is also basic science which is the base subject to understand and proceed further in science.
Despite focusing on product or technology development for immediate commercial value, basic science is directed to expand knowledge. However, it doesn't mean that it may not result in a practical application. Basic understanding of science is necessary before an application is developed. Several scientific knowledge and understanding derived from basic science research in the past have resulted in many remarkable applications of great value. The outcomes of basic science therefore, provide a concrete foundation for applied science.
I think that this speech of Stalin (about science) is interesting.
SPEECH STALIN AT THE RECEPTION IN THE KREMLIN OF WORKERS OF THE HIGH SCHOOL ON MAY 17, 1938
...........................................
Science knows in its development not a few courageous people who knew how to break down the old and create new, despite any obstacles, in spite of everything. Such men of science as Galileo, Darwin and many others are well known. I would like to dwell on one of these leading figures of science, who is at the same time the greatest man of our time. I mean Lenin, our teacher, our teacher (applause). Remember 1917. On the basis of a scientific analysis of Russia's social development, on the basis of a scientific analysis of the international situation, Lenin came to the conclusion that the only way out of the situation was the victory of socialism in Russia. This was more than an unexpected conclusion for many people of science of the time. Plekhanov, one of the most outstanding men of science, spoke scornfully of Lenin then, asserting that Lenin was "in delirium." Other, no less famous people of science, argued that "Lenin went mad" that he should be hidden somewhere far away. Against Lenin, then, all and every kind of science was cast out as against a man destroying science. But Lenin was not afraid to go against the current, against inertia. And Lenin won (applause).
Here is an example of the husband of science, boldly fighting against outdated science and paving the way for a new science.
It happens that people who are not well-known in science sometimes pioneer the new ways of science and technology, but absolutely unknown people in the scientific world, ordinary people, practitioners, innovators of the matter. Here at the common table comrades Stakhanov and Papanin are sitting. People who are unknown in the scientific world, do not have academic degrees, practice their business. But who does not know that Stakhanov and Stakhanovites, in their practical work in the field of industry, overturned the existing norms established by famous people of science and technology as obsolete and introduced new norms that meet the requirements of real science and technology? Who does not know that Papanin and the Papaninites, in their practical work on the drifting ice floe, in passing, without much difficulty, overturned the old idea of the Arctic as obsolete and established a new one that meets the requirements of real science? Who can deny that Stakhanov and Papanin are innovators in science, people of our advanced science?
Here are some other "miracles" in science.
I talked about science. But science is everything. The science that I talked about is called advanced science.
For the prosperity of our advanced science!
For the health of people of advanced science!
For the health of Lenin and Leninism!
For the health of Stakhanov and Stakhanovites!
For the health of Papanin and Papanin! (applause).
Published in the journal "Archive of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology", Vol. 19, No. 1-2, p. 3, 1938
***
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Stakhanov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Papanin
Genetics in the USSR
In the 1930s, there was a split in the ranks of geneticists and breeders, associated with the energetic activities of T.D. Lysenko and I.I. Present. At the initiative of geneticists, a number of discussions were held (the largest ones - in 1936 and 1939), aimed at combating the Lysenko approach.
At the turn of the 1930s and 1940s, during the so-called Great Terror, most of the staff of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B), who supervised genetics, and a number of prominent geneticists were arrested, many were shot or died in prisons (including N.I Vavilov). After the war, the debate resumed with renewed vigor. Geneticists, relying on the authority of the international scientific community, again tried to tip the scales in their favor, but with the onset of the Cold War, the situation has changed significantly. In 1948, at the August session of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, T. Lysenko, announced the scientific conclusions of Western geneticists with pseudoscience, linking them with the propaganda of eugenics and racism. Lysenko took advantage of the incompetence of the party leadership in science, "promising the party" the rapid creation of new highly productive varieties of grain ("branched wheat"), etc. From this moment began the period of persecution of genetics, which was called Lysenkoism and continued until the removal of NS Khrushchev From the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1964.
Personally, Lysenko and his supporters gained control over the institutes of the biology department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, VASKhNIL and university departments. New textbooks were published for schools and universities, written from the position of "Michurin agrobiology." Geneticists were forced to abandon scientific activity or radically change the profile of work. Some managed to continue research on genetics in the framework of programs for studying radiation and chemical hazards outside the organizations controlled by Lysenko and his supporters.
Similar phenomena with Lysenkoism were observed in other sciences. The most famous campaigns were held in cytology (in connection with the teachings of O. B. Lepeshinskaya on living matter), physiology (the struggle of K. M. Bykov and his supporters for the "heritage" of I.P. Pavlov) and microbiology (the theory of GM Boshian).
***
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union
Basic Science as the name implies was intended to serve as a foundation- Beginners science. It lays background information of what to expect in different branches of sciences at higher level and enables one to have some knowledge of what other aspects of science is when specialized.
Basic science is motivated by curiosity having no commercial interest in the results. However, basic research is supposed to lead to applied research, which in turn leads to industrial development and then to products.
"By research in pure science I mean research made without any idea of application to industrial matters but solely with the view of extending our knowledge of the Laws of Nature. I will give just one example of the "utility" of this kind of research, one that has been brought into great prominence by the War - I mean the use of X-rays in surgery...” - J.J. Thomson
I agree with you Dr. Yogesh.
"Basic science is motivated by curiosity having no commercial interest in the results"
Basic science is the science based on experience and observation which has not been tested and validated by scientific processes. It is usually referred to as 'primitive science', 'folk science', 'ethno science' and so forth. Best regards
Dickson Adom
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"Basic Science and Humanities
All the branches in the B. Tech. Degree course has common course to get acquainted with the basic knowledge subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Communicative English. To meet the multiple needs of national and global technology, the department of Basic Science and Humanities has been operational. Basic science is taught with lab practical in rooms well equipped with sophisticated instruments to bolster up strength on which various technical theories and applications are set up.
Communicative English is highly stressed because communication skill is the power of any technocrat to capture a lucrative position in the global market. Use of Audio visual aids, a conduct of assignments, practice lessons, group discussions and coaching on GRE.TOEFL models are held in the Spoken English Laboratory. This laboratory is embedded with a plethora of imported software including language correction tools, phonetic recognition tools, personality development skills sets, career launching tips and language modification tools such as Random House talking dictionary, vocabulary wizard, text-to-speech engines etc. Mock interviews are conducted in a mirror-fitted cabin to enhance interpersonal skills and body language. Ours is the only standardized Spoken English laboratory in the State...
Please, see the reference website link...
http://www.smitorissa.org/department.php?menuNm=Basic%20Science%20and%20Humanities
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"Ideas for Improving Science Education
By Claudia Dreifus
"If you could make one change to improve science education in the United States, what would it be? Science Times asked that question of 19 Americans — scientists, educators, students — with a stake in the answer. Their responses follow."...
Please, go to the attached website link to see the responses of the 19 Scientists...
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/09/02/science/science-education-voices.html?mcubz=1
"Basic science is the foundation of all scientific research. If you want the greatest long-term yield for human health, there’s no better investment. It’s not as glamorous as some other kinds of research, but basic science discoveries can be applied across all medical disciplines, providing solutions to all diseases.The story Lucy tells about how her basic science research improved the lives of millions of children around the world is both amazing and inspirational." - Debbie
See "Inspired Advocates for Basic Science Research"
http://medicalgiving.stanford.edu/why-giving-matters/inspired-advocates-for-basic-science-research.html
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Basic science provides long-term benefits for ourselves and our fragile planet and should be supported by all the world's societies.
---- David Lee
Basic science means the general science that is the basis of every scientific things.
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Good Day,
"What Is Basic Science Good For?
.....
We humans are curious creatures, always trying to make sense of the world around us. This curiosity propelled us from apes to an intelligent life form, capable of manipulating the environment rather than being subject to it. It has its downside, namely that we create havoc to the environment to the extent that we are now changing the climate of the entire planet we live on. Yet it is undeniable that our curiosity allowed us to improve our quality of life. We changed ourselves from hunters-gatherers to members of modern civilisation. We don’t worry about getting eaten by predators; we worry whether we have enough savings after retirement.
Indeed, basic science aims at making sense of everything. We want to know why we age and die. We want to know how we evolved into different races, ethnicities, cultures, and languages. We want to know how life was born on this planet, or possibly on other planets. We want to know how our solar system was made. We want to know how we came to be.
How did we come to be? Modern science, in particular particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology, revealed a stunning story. Much of our bodies were synthesised in stars that exploded billions of years ago. The stars were formed by the gravitational pull of elusive dark matter, a mysterious matter that dominates the Universe yet none of us managed to meet so far. Atoms in our bodies would vaporise in nanoseconds if there weren’t for the Higgs boson that is frozen everywhere in space. We live on the sacrifice of a billion friends that annihilated together with dangerous anti-matter; we still don’t know how a billionth of matter could survive. And the whole thing started from quantum fluctuations, lending and renting tiny amounts of energy due to the uncertainty principle, when the whole Universe we see today was much much smaller than the size of an atomic nucleus.
Why do we care about these questions? I don’t know. But we do. People were burned and arrested when we realised that we are not at the centre of the Universe, but rather circled around the Sun. Now we know the Sun is not the centre of the Universe either, and circles around the centre of galaxy every 200 million years. And our galaxy is only one of a hundred billion galaxies in the Universe we can see. Moreover, what makes up the galaxies is not atoms we are made of, but mostly rather the mysterious dark matter.
Actually, the modern civilisation was built pursing these seemingly useless questions. We can fire canons and missiles, and launch artificial satellites because we managed to understand how planets and stars move. We can call friends in different countries because we managed to understand what light is. We can carry smart phones in our pockets because we managed to understand what tiny electrons do in semiconductors. We can build maglevs much faster than Shinkansen in Japan because we were curious to study what happens to metal when it is cooled to very low temperatures. We developed magnets to keep the protons running at 99.999999 percent of the speed of light inside the circular tunnel, which led to medical imaging to spot where cancer cells are. And we can buy books and clothing from our living room because of the web invented at CERN for scientists to exchange data for this kind of pursuit."...
Please, go to the attached website link to see the original article...
http://newsline.linearcollider.org/2016/05/12/what-is-basic-science-good-for/
"Most of my scientific work has been basic research. There were no immediate uses for my discoveries, but today the radioisotopes are the workhorses of nuclear medicine, an isotope of plutonium is a major energy source in the space program, and the element americium is critical to the smoke detectors in every house in the country." - Glenn T. Seaborg
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Good Day,
"If you sense a deep human need, then you go back to all the basic science. If there is some missing, then you try to do more basic science and applied science until you get it. So you make the system to fulfill that need, rather than starting the other way around, where you have something and wonder what to do with it."
---- Edwin Land
I don't think there's a universally accepted definition for what basic science is. In general terms, I think of it as the embodiment of "normal science" as described by Thomas Kuhn. Basically, it's using the scientific method to conduct research within a field and under the paradigm that is currently accepted. Basic science is usually technical research into how the world works, and it doesn't always have a well-defined future "use" that will come from it. That is, researchers don't always know if their basic science pursuits will eventually prove useful to applied scientists and others afterward. It's a lot more exploratory and theoretical than applied science. I would say many scientific fields, including the ones you listed, can have both basic and applied scientists in their ranks. It depends on the research being conducted whether it should be classified as applied or basic science, in my opinion.
"It was basic research in the photoelectric field-in the photoelectric effect that would one day lead to solar panels. It was basic research in physics that would eventually produce the CAT scan. The calculations of today's GPS satellites are based on the equations that Einstein put to paper more than a century ago." - Barack Obama
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"Science is organized knowledge."
---- Herbert Spencer
Much informative comment from Jorge Morales Pedraza . I agree with him.
All comments are good,
each discipline is based on science.
each of these bases is itself a reality based on science.
So, science is a whole, there is no boundary between the different disciplines
Basic science encompass scientific concepts; an understanding of which help to have a better understanding of scientific processes thus significantly aid pursuit of knowledge and enable researchers to develop a better and more accurate perception of how the things work.
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