with your RG of 45 and current employment of the Oregon Health and Science University this "question" can only be a test balloon to see how others expose themselves.
Just remember the first case of AIDS when it occurred in the eighties. It was a case report that led later to the formulation of a hypothesis about the risk factors of AIDS.
The argument of N = 1 studies in medicine goes something like this: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) give results that are relevant to the study participant studied. Research physicians argue that one must go beyond RCTs and conduct N=1 studies in each patient to determine if the study drug-1 that was shown to be better in the RCT is actually the best choice for the patient. In this N=1 study, the patient is randomized to study drug-1, alternative drug-2 already on the market, and placebo is a round about fashion to determine which of the three--study drug-1, alternative drug-2, or placebo--is the best treatment for the individual patient.
It's not the the question of 1# sample. Statistically the sample size be enough representative in general analysis.
In case of medicine single , rare case is studied as case report and has nothing to do with sample size or sampling as it unique and have a single representation as CASE REPORT.
Just a short comment on n=1 patient. Agree with the comments above this may be a case report. I would also like to direct you to the everyday clinical practice. If there is n=1 patient with poor outcome, we are reviewing the case and, sometime, this may lead to changes in our clinical practice of our group such to avoid in the future those outcomes. Thus, either way, the N=1 is important. For your second question, we all are looking for original research, so most of newly published study will be N=1 studies on that respective topic until others come along.