Emmanouil Markoulakis I think the best understanding of the nature of Spacetime is to be gained from the general theory of relativity. We get the best understanding of space by considering its properties. Spacetime is like a medium which supports gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves. It is curved in the presence of mass and the fundamental particles of matter which are the proton, neutron and electron are looped waves in Spacetime. Electric charge is caused by a wave variation in the time dimension synchronised with the wave variation in the space dimension causing a net compression/expansion of space in the electron and proton. The universe has a space rest frame in which light travels.

Preprint Space Rest Frame (March 2022)

Richard

Confusion results when the same words are used for different things. The vacuum of space, beyond the Earth refers to the extremely low density of matter beyond the Earth. This matter is, indeed, ordinary matter, extremely diluted.

Dark matter is even more diluted-that’s why its presence can only be detected at galactic scales, not on the scale of the Earth.

Dark energy is a property of space and time and doedn’t have anything to do with the

matter on Earth or its vicinity. It describes space and time on scales larger than those 9f galaxies.

There is no confusion even Nobel Laureate Frank Wilczek has similar views expressed publically, about vacuum space being a type of omnipresent condensate medium:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD9PofbrrLc (part 1)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7rxlCxSqw8 (part 2)

In nature everything is inside a medium why should matter in our Universe be any different.

"The vacuum of space, beyond the Earth refers to the extremely low density of matter beyond the Earth."

IMO this is not correct. Vacuum space is not very little dense matter but instead can contain very sparse matter in it. The container is not the thing it contains.

There are fields where particles (can/do) propeller themselves forward, as here [1]. That they do in e.g. water [1] , ( although water sometimes is considered an ideal fluid and in [1], they don't say propeller, but adress friction and viscosity, to the water which is more exact in a way) . If there were vacuum in between, they might go very far instead of the Brownian motion path. ...if it was all in the particles, but things will be undetermined, then.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion

Dear Emmanouil Markoulakis,

What you imply by the term 'Vacuum Space' is actually the Physical Space (Physical - to distinguish it from abstract mathematical or coordinate spaces).

Physical Space as an Elastic Continuum

Whereas the metric scaling property is only associated with coordinate space, the physical measurable properties of permittivity ε0, permeability μ0 and intrinsic impedance Z0 are only associated with physical space. In reality, various notions of physical space, empty space, vacuum, aether and their modern reincarnation, the quantum vacuum, all mean the same entity – call it by any name. A significant point to be highlighted here is that just like intrinsic impedance Z0=Sqrt(μ0/ε0), the speed of strain wave propagation c=Sqrt(1/(μ0.ε0)) is also a measurable property of the physical space.

Curvature of spacetime implies invalid deformation of physical space.

The curvature of space and spacetime is a sophisticated buzz word under the current paradigm of fundamental physics. However, firstly the spacetime itself is not a physical entity and secondly the interpretation associated with the curvature of space is quite misleading. As per GR, gravitation induced 'change' in metric of space, induces a corresponding change in the value of Riemann tensor, which by 'convention' implies a change in curvature of space. In reality any 'change' in the metric coefficients of space actually implies a change in arc length ds between two neighborhood points, which in turn implies a deformation of space. Any such deformation of space is mathematically linked with the strained state of the space continuum.

Article Demystification of the spacetime model of relativity

Fundamental properties of this vacuum or empty space are represented by the following parameters.

Permittivity of free space, ε0; Permeability of free space μ0; speed of propagation of EM waves in vacuum c =Sqrt((1/ε0)/μ0); the intrinsic impedance of vacuum Z0 = Sqrt(μ0/ε0) = 377 Ohms. These four parameters represent fundamental physical properties of vacuum. Since these four parameters are inter-related, only two of these are independent.

Characteristic parameters ε0 and μ0 of Physical Space represent mechanical properties of Physical Space.

The speed of strain wave propagation in a thin metal wire is given by, c1 = Sqrt(Y/rho) where Y is the modulus of elasticity and rho is the density of the medium. In a way, Y is the elastic constant and rho is the inertial constant of the medium. Similarly when we express the speed of strain wave propagation in the physical space as c= Sqrt((1/ε0)/μ0), we can correlate 1/ε0 with elastic constant and μ0 with inertial constant of the physical space or aether or the elastic space continuum. The parameter c given above represents a fundamental physical property of vacuum or aether and not a property of photons or EM waves. Intrinsic impedance Z0 represents a fundamental physical property of vacuum or aether and not a property of the electro-magnetic (EM) field. Further it is interesting to note that μ0 can be replaced with Z0/c and 1/ε0 can be replaced with c.Z0 in all relations involving μ0 or ε0. These parameters are quite routinely measured experimentally and are universally well known. Since the intrinsic impedance of vacuum, Z0 is 377 Ohms, it does give the impression that perhaps the aether or vacuum is primarily the seat of electrical phenomenon of nature. However the propagation of transverse waves in a continuous media is essentially a feature of mechanical phenomenon, because of which we interpret these physical properties in mechanical terms as elastic constant 1/ε0 and inertial constant μ0. That is why we prefer to view Physical Space as an 'Elastic Space Continuum'.

Absolute or Universal reference frame.

How can we detect the existence of aether or vacuum or the elastic space continuum? The detection and measurement of any physical entity actually involves the detection and measurement of some of its characteristic attributes. Such characteristic attributes of the Physical Space or the Elastic Space Continuum are ε0, μ0, c and Z0 , which are well known and have been measured quite precisely. However, there is one special feature of this detection on which scientists had persistently focused their attention for a long long time. Since the aether or vacuum represent the physical space within which all material particles and fields of the universe are embedded, we should be able to define a special coordinate reference frame which is at rest in this physical space or aether. This special reference frame is termed as the Universal reference frame. In principle we should be able to refer the motion of all material particles in the universe to this Absolute reference frame and all such motion will then be termed as absolute motion. It has been argued that to detect the existence of aether, we should be able to detect this Absolute reference frame. Since the speed of propagation of light c is a physical property of aether or vacuum, it must be a universal constant in this Universal reference frame. Such an Absolute or Universal reference frame can now be established with the 'Practical Measurement of Absolute Velocity of Earth'.

Article Practical Measurement of Absolute Velocity of Earth

Status of Matter and Fields.

Let us now examine the next pertinent question as to how exactly particles of matter could move through an elastic space continuum without any resistance. At subatomic scale the primary constituents of matter, namely the electrons and nuclear particles are known to occupy an extremely small volume fraction of the order of 10-12 percent of the physical volume of any material body. As such we need to view material particles as a sort of lumped up strain energy, or, a sort of localized strain wave packets. For the elastic space continuum, the equilibrium equations of elasticity can be shown to be identical to the vector wave equation. The study of dynamic deformations in the space continuum, through a detailed study of time dependent displacement vector U, along with corresponding strain tensor and stress tensor fields, provides a more fundamental level of investigation into the workings of Nature, in comparison to the fields currently employed for the purpose.

Particular solutions of these equilibrium equations as functions of space-time coordinates, satisfying appropriate boundary and stability conditions within a bounded region, can be shown to represent various strain wave fields and strain wave packets. The electromagnetic field as well as all other forms of energy and matter can be shown to exist in the the elastic space continuum as strain wave fields or strain wave packets. The energy density associated with these stress/strain waves in any particular region of the space continuum will be proportional to the square of the intensity of such waves. The matter particles essentially exist in this elastic space continuum as packets of standing strain wave oscillations whose total strain energy remains conserved in the absence of any interaction with other strain waves or packets. Hence matter and EM field do not have any independent existence separate from the characteristic dynamic deformations of the Physical Space.

Strain Waves and Elementary Particles.

A matter particle moving in the space continuum will always be accompanied by a localized strain wave field, something like De Broglie waves. Kinetic energy of a particle in motion in the elastic space continuum can be viewed as the strain energy stored in the accompanying strain wave field. These 'material particles' concentrated in a small volume fraction of entire space, consist of so called 'elementary particles' and are essentially characterized by their 'mass', 'charge' and interaction properties. In the parlance of strain bubbles existing in the Elastic Space Continuum, the clusters of pure and composite strain bubbles depicting 'elementary particles' are essentially characterized by their 'strain energy content', 'strain wave fields' if any, and their interaction properties. In principle, there could be a large number of different types of strain bubbles occurring in the Space Continuum, that may be correlated with equally large number of stable and unstable elementary particles.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335933492_New_Concept_of_Physics_Energy_Behaviour_and_Its_Application_in_Cosmology_to_Define_Gravity_Value_from_Einstein's_Relativity

Scientific practice, Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and dialectics suggest that the quantum vacuum is represented by virtual particles, and serves as both the source and also the sink of elementary matter/antimatter quantum particles that eternally come into being and pass out of existence following the ontological contradiction "Being-Nothing" and of "Space - Time"; of dialectics. Please see the references in the following RG question:

"Ex nihilo nihil fit“? Are You Certain Mr. Einstein and Mr. Heisenberg? :

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Ex_nihilo_nihil_fit_Are_You_Certain_Mr_Einstein_and_Mr_Heisenberg2

[The quantum vacuum is full of "virtual particle/antiparticle pairs" that continuously pop in and out of existence and their effect on the spectral lines of atoms known as the "Lamb Shift" and the Lande factor of magnetic moment of electrons that relies on the concept of virtual particles can be very accurately measured. This effect can also be measured as the Casimir force with much less efficiency. The permittivity and the permeability of the classical vacuum can be attributed to collective effect of the momentary existence of infinite number of virtual particles of the quantum vacuum

The "virtual particles" can become "real particles" if sufficient energy equivalent to compensate for their mass is available. There is also a finite probability that a "virtual particle" can become "real" (even without sufficient energy for mass equivalence) through a phenomena known as "quantum tunnelling". In fact it is possible that this spontaneous creation (ex nihilo) of fundamental particles from the quantum vacuum (and not through the Big Bang) is how the galaxies (along with all other things) evolve, “come into being and pass out of existence” and maintained throughout this infinite; eternal and ever-changing universe; as asserted by dialectics:

It has been made abundantly clear in these publications that the uncertainty principle is not just a simple measurement or statistical problem as is commonly assumed. Uncertainty and the breakdown of the conservation laws at the substructure of quantum level is a fundamental aspect of objective reality. At macroscopic (human) scale the objective reality is just a gross, averaged-out, summed-up and apparently stable superstructure of micro-level quantum uncertainty. Physics needs a revolutionary change of its epistemology - from traditional causality to dialectical materialism; to deal with this new revolutionary aspect of objective reality!

A vacuum is hard to achieve: even the emptiest places in the Universe, namely, the cosmic voids contain, at the least, some photons. If one were to achieve a complete vacuum, quantum field theory tells us that it would still be a complicated thing.

Gurcharn Singh Sandhu

Thank you Sir for your illuminating introduction to the subject and very interesting research. It is true that there are clues left all over about the possible physicality of vacuum space even in Maxwell EM theory and we should never forget that the backbone of the theory is that EM is a phenomenon taking place in a medium they historically called Aether which is replaced today by many names as you mentioned quantum vacuum, quantum field theor, fabric of spacetime y and so on and although scientists insist that this has nothing to do with the old term Aether as an absolute frame of reference the prime function as a medium cannot be denied only now this is called with terms like omnipresent fields in QFT for example. That was the initial framework and Maxwell EM theory could not be constructed without this backbone framework. After the model theory was finished the medium was no more needed and was thrown away , especially after the MM null experiment result and the development of Einstein SR.

However, the medium could not be totally scratched out from theory but had to be integrated inside the theory. This was done with the two elementary physical constants of the medium permittivity ε0 and permeability μ0 and the subsequent c speed propagation of distortions limit as you very well pointed out.

Notice here that Einstein Einstein showed that the Aether was unnecessary. He never said that the aether didn't exist and the possibility of an relativistic Aether. He merely said it was irrelevant in his theory. But Einstein theory was based on Maxwell which already integrated the properties of physical space as a medium using permittivity ε0 and permeability μ0.

"We may assume the existence of an aether; only we must give up ascribing a definite state of motion to it, i.e. we must by abstraction take from it the last mechanical characteristic which Lorentz had still left it. ... But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable inedia, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it." A.E.

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein

However, today, QCD and QFT cannot operate without the idea of the quantum vacuum and known forces EM, SF, WF in quantum theory are found to be related to it.

Nevertheless, physical space as a medium and form of energy-matter elusive and not directly detectable to us and being unnoticed must convey some additional exotic property unknown to our conceivable physical reality.

IMHO this is when not disturbed and dormant it must be a type of superluminous phase of energy condensate. Meaning its quanta must vibrate at speeds faster than c.

Dear José E H. Ramírez

I am afraid that you are neglecting several non baryonic constituents: leptons, photons, and dark-matter particles (of some kind).

Abdul Malek . If vakuum is the absence of matter , then it was first between the planets. The distance is measured with r. A balance for circles gives w*w*r= K/(r*r). Combining with means or virial theorems or energy balance; all gives a constant or dependency on r in an algebraic fashion with integers. Then if adding another force than the Newtonian, the symmetry, of having planets at a distance that follows a formula, breaks, (which is the reality). Also a series expansion (Taylor is the one?) gives an extension of the previously assumed pointer for space, and that extra could be chosen, it is not rational, now.

The above post and that of Houssam Khelalfa , also general gravity; it is cylinder coordinates, as we call them. Before, I read another great article,.. later

Lena J-T Strömberg : Hej Lena, tack så mycket! I am talking about quantum vacuum from a worldview (QED and dialectical) that is very different from the generally accepted one! Unfortunately, I have problem following what you are trying to say.

The ”virtual particles” of the quantum vacuum occur at a scale of energy and momentum many orders of magnitude different to make any possible or tangible effect of the planetary motion. If you are talking about Newton’s theory in relation the solar system, then you may like to have a look at the following article:

"KEPLER -NEWTON -LEIBNIZ -HEGEL Portentous and Conflicting Legacies in Theoretical Physics, Cosmology and in Ruling Ideas::

Article KEPLER -NEWTON -LEIBNIZ -HEGEL Portentous and Conflicting Le...

As for GR and ”spacetime” (it may be shocking to you!), I do not take these seriously at all, for the following reason detailed in the link below:

"The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein's Theories of Relativity and cosmology" :

Article The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and I...

Dear All,

As a follow up of my previous post, I am attaching a small write up on Dynamic Deformations in the Space Continuum for information of interested researchers. This is an extract from my book titled, "Fundamental Nature of Matter and Fields" published by iUniverse in 2009.

Emmanouil

“…I invite you for an updated and review discussion of the one and maybe the most fundamental IMHO question of modern physics in general today, what really is vacuum space?...”

- really that is on one hand – some strange for any normal human question, since is about some “vacuum space”. Phenomena/notions “vacuum” and “space”, though directly relate to each other, are, nonetheless, different.

However yeah, in the mainstream physics really this strange wording is well legitimate, and so in the physics, say, there exist so called “physical vacuum”, i.e. some regions in space where there is no any real particles, atoms, molecules, and fields – however all that really exists as some “virtual” ones; besides in the mainstream there exist something like to “physical vacuum” – real - despite by no means observable, “fabrics of spacetime” in the GR, which are postulated also as quite material, and impacts on material objects equally as that real fields do.

All that strange above exists in the mainstream quite inevitably logically because of relates to the really fundamental phenomena/notions, first of all “Matter”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy” – and so to everything in Matter, i.e. “particles”, “fields”, etc., all of which in the mainstream are till now fundamentally completely transcendent/uncertain/irrational, and so really transcendent mystic “virtual” material objects, “fabrics of spacetime”, etc. are in this case quite natural.

Corresponding rather numerous in the mainstream theories transcendent mystic events/effects/processes are completely legitimate in the mainstream; and, seems for you, so you write that [“vacuum space”]

“……can hold the key for answering puzzling questions like dark matter and dark energy which GR and SR seems unfit to give….”

- really transcendent “vacuum space”, GR and SR, cannot unite practically for sure existent “dark matter” – which really is, though specific, nonetheless ordinary, matter, and mystic “dark energy”, which has to indeed physics fundamentally no relation.

Practically all fundamental phenomena/notions, including the above, can be, and are, scientifically defined only in framework of the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s “The Information as Absolute” conception

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260930711_the_Information_as_Absolute, and the

informational physical model, see

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics , and

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361749_The_informational_physical_model_and_fundamental_problems_in_physics; which is based on the conception.

Including in the model it is rigorously shown that Matter’s spacetime is the fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, [5]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z,ct), which by scientific definitions of “Space”/ “space”, and “Time”/“time” is fundamentally nothing else than some “empty container”, i.e. not a “vacuum space”, but “void space” – complete emptiness.

However in this space the Matter’s ultimate base – the [5]4D dense lattice of [5]4D of binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE] is placed; while everything what exists and interacts in Matter is determined by the logical construction and properties of FLEs, including exists and interacts as some disturbances in the lattice, which really appear at impacts on some the lattice FLEs with transmission to the FLEs some 4D momentums/energies.

So the scientific definition of the notion “vacuum” is as “vacuum in some concrete space region means the absence of the disturbances, i.e. particles [bodies….] and fields in this region”, though in the region the space is filled by FLEs. At that practically for sure the FLE lattice isn’t infinite, whereas the dimensions of Matter’s spacetime are fundamentally infinite by definition, and so outside the lattice, i.e. outside Matter, in the space there can be introduced, say, an “absolute vacuum”, but such notion/term for physics is quite unnecessary.

So to

“…What is it really? Can it be an unknown exotic phase of matter-energy? Or is it just an empty space between matter and in which energy propagation occurs?...”

- the lattice fundamentally isn’t an unknown exotic phase of matter-energy - that matter appears in the lattice if in it some energy is pumped – as that happened at Matter’s creation [see the last link, section “Cosmology”], and constantly always happens at existence, motion, and interactions of material objects; but the lattice isn’t an “empty space between matter”, just therefore in the lattice energy [that is stored in particles, fields, etc.] propagates constantly always in the 4D sub-spacetime [more correctly 4D space] with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z):

- with the 4D velocities that have identical absolute values being equal to the standard speed of light c [“bold” means 4D vector], and, in parallel/absolutely automatically, with the speed of light in the [“true time”] ct-dimension; what is determined just by two main kinematic properties of FLE: c=lP/tP, lP is the “size” of FLE, tP is time in which FLE changes its binary state – i.e. “flips”.

What happens in detail in the FLE lattice is unknown now, however that

“…However to the last argument vacuum quantum foam indicates otherwise and suggests that it is actually a physical fizzling medium…”

- looks as some again transcendent claim about some quite transcendent “quantum foam”. Including the really observable quantum objects/events/effects/processes exist and happen on the QM scale, which differs from the Planck scale in few dozens of orders by magnitude.

The post is rather long already, so to

“…..Quantum field theory (QFT) suggests that it is a collection of overlapping and interacting omnipresent fields but then again what generates these fields in the first place. Field on what?…..”

- will be in a next SS post.

Cheers

Dear Sergey Shevchenko ,

Thank you for your analytical expert answer and references and interesting novel approach.

Vacuum space is an electromagnetic field of about 10 power 10 hz which fill all space. Space without nothing doesn't exist. Space is energy with negative pressure. It seems that there is no friction force. This field can be detected from cosmos as black body radiation at 0.5K-1K. See my article in french on: https://vixra.org/abs/2201.0017

Dear Emmanouil Markoulakis

- thanks for positive feedback and recommendation to the SS pot above; and

- so [see the SS post above] to

“…..Quantum field theory (QFT) suggests that it is a collection of overlapping and interacting omnipresent fields but then again what generates these fields in the first place. Field on what?…..”

In the SS post above [and in the papers that are linked in the post, of course] it is explained that, as that quite rationally postulated/developed in the SS&VT informational physical model, the rather simple informational system “Matter” is designed, constructed, exists and constantly always changes, basing on a simple binary reversible logics, which [logics] is actualized as Matter’s ultimate base – the [5]4D dense lattice of [5]4D of binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE] ; while everything what exists and interacts in Matter is determined by the logical construction and properties of FLEs,

- and in Matter’s logical scheme indeed fundamentally four fundamental interactions in the Universe – fundamental Nature forces “Gravity”, “Weak”, “EM” [Really “Electric”], and “Strong” Forces act - as some additional [to (4+1) ultimately universal kinematical degreases of freedom at changing FLE state – “FLE flips”] “logical marks”.

So the particles, which are close-loop algorithms that constantly cyclically run as propagating in the lattice with 4D speeds of light repetitions of sequential flips of the lattice FLEs, have some parts of the algorithms, where marks of concrete Forces are activated – that is observed that concrete particle has concrete Force’s charges,

- and when such FLE flips in the algorithm, it causes propagation in the lattice of specific flipping of other FLEs in the lattice, where the Force mark is also activated – “the Force mediators”, and if a mediator hits in other particle when in it also the activated such mark FLE flips, to this “irradiated” particle some momentum is transmitted, and the Force interaction happens.

Thus in the model everything – particles and mediators [so fields] are completely real, everything really transcendent mystic “virtual”, that really exists and acts in QFT, really doesn’t exist. However the QFT postulate about “always existent constantly appearing and annihilating virtual particles and fields in every space point” is rational, in too certain sense, though – really yeah, all that really formally exists [besides creations and annihilations]

– as that at real impact on any/every the lattice’s FLE that is in any/ every space point potentially some real particle can be created, and again any/every the lattice’s FLE that is in any/ every space point can potentially be any real Force mediator’s FLE.

An example – see the SS&VT initial 2007 model of Gravity [and Electric] Forces in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physicssection 2.9 “Mediation of the forces in complex systems”.

Including in the model the fundamentally obligatory, as that fundamentally is of any other Force, quantum nature of Gravity is quite natural – in fundamental contrast to the GR, which is fundamentally incompatible with QM; and that can be observed yet now experimentally, see proposed in 2007 experiments in http s://www.researchgate.net/publication/215526868_The_informational_model_-_possible_tests ;at least the section 2.1.2. “Monochromatic photon beam distortion”.

Cheers

"Vacuum space" and The conundrum of modern theoretical physics and cosmology:

1, The so-called “spacetime” as an abstract geometrical construct supposedly with tangible physical/mechanical/metrical attributes etc. is a fantasy and have no basis in objective reality. Any deliberations based on this fantasy can be only meaningless and endless Kantian type scholasticism:

Article The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?

2. LTs on which “spacetime”, SR, GR and other "field" theories are based; are mathematically contrived fabrications to enforce the axiomatic truth of the constant velocity of light in any IRF.; but have no scientific basis.

https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Relativity%20Theory/Download/8837

3. Official theories of modern physics and cosmology from Newton onward were/are bent to accommodate class and theological interest:

Article Quō Vādis Theoretical Physics and Cosmology? From Newton's M...

Sergey Shevchenko ,

The lattice structure you are describing sounds to me much like the historic Aether concept. So what is the predicted maximum propagation speed of distortions caused by normal matter and light on this lattice you are describing as the physical structure of the vacuum space?

Besides the transverse distortion propagation we experience as normal light in our spacetime there could be some kind of longitudinal pressure distortion in your lattice that propagated much faster than c.

For examples surface waves on the surface of a sea propagate with a rather finite small relative speed (few m per second) but longitudinal underwater pressure waves propagated with the much faster speed, the speed of sound in water, 1480/s.

In the same way, maybe we could experience transverse distortion waves in the vacuum space lattice you are describing with a much smaller finite speed c as light, but there could be at the same time generated longitudinal pressure distortions in the lattice that propagate with a much faster speed analogous to the speed difference between transverse surface waves on water (a few meters per second) and underwater pressure waves the travel with the much larger speed, the speed of sound in water.

For all means and purposes we could perceive this speed as instantaneous emphasizing our inability to directly measure any interaction and energy transfer made at speed greater than c. Our spacetime and visible Universe is trapped in a limited c speed prison in which we cannot see beyond.

However, maybe the more important question right now concerning this mater, could be, as of what effect would these hypothetical superluminous interactions appear to us?

The first thing that crosses my mind is that this kind of interaction would appear to us as a non-locality phenomenon and quantum entanglement.

Kind regards,

Emmanouil

Sergey Shevchenko and Abdul Malek

Maybe this is an interesting thought experiment to test if our theories can do any predictions? (SR cannot and simply say this is impossible):

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Would_a_hypothetical_object_travelling_at_a_speed_greater_than_c_in_a_vacuum_be_visible

Vacuum space is when space is not any more flat but instead physically curved even though there are no matter and energy.This follows directly from Einstein's general theory of relativity, resulting in a vacuum solution to Einstein field equations with cosmological constant.

In quantum physics,vacuum space as nothing or absolute empty space does not and cannot exist because zero energy cannot by reached and thanks to Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

In Newtonian mechanics, Schrodinger equation and Einstein field equations reduce to Newton's second law, and vacuum space as nothing is space devoid of matter and energy and fields.More details in this short YouTube video https://youtu.be/y4D6qY2c0Z8

Quite interesting wih discussions/debates about vacuum spatianess!!

Out of many formalisms, now I may add the following about the vacuum space.

Vacuum space may be considered to be interface between superluminous plenum having velcity greater than speed of light, c and observable matter having velocity less than speed of light. Vacuum hence has the velocity at the constant of light speed, c. These multiphases coexist and dark matter isn't visible since moving faster than c, light wouldn't be able to detect that. Hence visibility with observability has the basis of vacuum speed of light tractable by constant, c.

It is then quite possible that multiverse exist leaking information into and out from universe. Therefore, supposed constants, even fine structure constant or universal gravitational constant may not be constant after all!! probably not even Planck's constant.

Physics paradigm shift ongoing inevitable to resolve these inconsistencies.

Thank you all with active interactive future physics chaotically undergoing shifting paradigm!!

Sincerely,

Rajan Iyer

ENGINEERINGINC INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONAL TEKNET EARTH GLOBAL

Vacuum Energy translate the exchange of Energy between real Minkowski space-time and complex Minkowski space-time. This exchange have a frequency , a pressure which is negative and a residue which zero-point energy.

According to my theory, there are 8 virtual particles in vacuum space. The gluons in the vacuum space have a mass because they are like fermions (spin 1/2). I think entropy (transformation/decaying process) makes more virtual particles (matter and antimatter particles that appear and disappear in space) during the matter and antimatter annihilation, while making photons with their energy.

I think Gravity is a byproduct of neutrinos. Neutrinos change their mass during neutrino oscillation. So likely, neutrinos gain mass from space causing to make changes in space like quantum gravitational forces.

It is mathematically wrong to say that a single thing decayed into our universe. If a single thing contained a lot of energy, it was not really a single thing. Entropy doesn't change energy. Likely, matter and space emerged uniformly with the earliest expansion of the universe. And gravitons (Eg: neutrino oscillation) could change that distribution of matter. A curved singularity would not make this flat universe. The earliest universe could expand into many points of spacetime with the initial expansion. E.g., 6 infinitely small points that symmetrically emerged around an infinitely small point could cover that middle point. And then, those points of spacetime could interact relatively, becoming matter and space.

My theory about the origin of everything: Preprint Verifying The Origin Of Everything

According to my theory, I can say for sure that the universe didn't expand from a point that contained a lot of energy. Likely, the universe expanded from point to point, and that is why the universe is flat. But I guess the pseudoscience of creationists made scientists make a curved singularity. I think there are a lot of wrong interpretations like that in modern science. E.g., "Electrons are positive. Electrons are positive in terms of attraction because electrons are filled with enough dimensions that don't require an attraction. Also, the positrons are not attracting dimensions from the negative charge. So positrons are positive too. So the matter and antimatter nature likely depend on opposite dimensions of those opposite particles. I think the difference between matter and antimatter is not related to their charge."

Faster than light cosmic inflation is an unscientific joke. Entropy can always increase in the Big Bounce model if there are more energies outside the observable universe. Also, the particle accelerators make high-energy particles using low-energy particles showing that entropy is a byproduct of acceleration. So cyclic expansion and contraction of gravitons can increase and reduce entropy in some parts of the universe. The particles that became energies during the contraction could go from one side of the island universe to another side until colliding with another high-energy particle. So the energies that were exchanged between a large area of the universe could exchange temperature from one side to another while filling the universe with a lot of collisions. And they would not make one single Black Hole because energies don't make gravity, and gravitons that existed between a large area of space couldn't collide into one location within a small period because of the limited speed of gravitons (limited light speed) and the exchange of gravitons from one side to another. Also, the contraction of the previous flat universe (uniformly expanded matter) wouldn't bring matter easily to one single location within a short period of time to make only one Black Hole.

A rain of energy called Eon-Destructive mega rain destroys the world with the start of the contraction of the universe as mentioned in Buddhism. Likely, the energies that didn't collide during the previous contraction will return to the center of the universe and destroy the world. According to Buddhism, the universe is infinitely large (forever expanding), and the Buddha could know almost anything about the entire universe. Also, the Buddha had a special power within a field of around a thousand billion island universes/galaxies (Sakwala) large. As mentioned in the texts, those thousand billion Sakwalas undergo a destruction process together, and then, undergo a construction process together. Perhaps, the distant Sakwalas are somewhat disconnected from the other Sakwalas. Perhaps, there are gravitationally separated universes with different sizes and cyclic periods.

(The Big Bang Theory in Buddhism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r06vgQOCUB4)

Dear Rajan,

Thanks for your expert input.

Thank you all so far for your experth input.

Emmanouil Markoulakis :

The speed of light is SR is not a question of empirical or experimental measurement, it is an axiomatic and absolute truth. The concept of measurement or the notions of physics has no meaning for it, instead, it is now officially, the absolute standard of measurements! Since SR, all kinds of scholasticism and wild fantasy derived from this axiomatic truth are going on without end. The amusing part of this Kantian "subjective idealism" and scholasticism in theoretical physics and cosmology is that the Lorentz Transforms and so-called “spacetime”, “matter-less fields” etc., have no basis in objective reality and so are SR, GR, SM and so on. Official theoretical physics and cosmology exist in the Fairy Land!

"The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein's Theories of Relativity and cosmology" :

Article The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and I...

From a dialectical materialist perspective, (particulate) matter in eternal motion is the basis of objective reality, photons (light) are part of this objective reality. The “vacuum space” (quantum vacuum) contains “virtual particles” and QED can explain why the motion of the real quantum particles like photons have wave-like characteristics and only (light) photons seem to have a spontaneous and maximum possible and very high velocity unlike other quantum particles:

"Real/Virtual Exchange of Quantum Particles as a Basis for the Resolution of Wave-Particle Duality and Other Anomalies of the Quantum Phenomena".

Article Real/Virtual Exchange of Quantum Particles as a Basis for th...

But quasars can be ejected at FTL velocities; demystifying SR or other fantasies!

Article QUASARS – RETROSPECT, PROSPECT AND A POINT of DEPARTURE

Suresh Wanayalaege,

Gluons are massless bosons of spin 1 and not as you mistakenly wrote massive fermions of spin 1/2. I wonder why Emmanouil Markoulakis,who recommended what you wrote,didn't realize that.

After I read your comment, I have no doubt that your knowledge in physics needs to be adjusted.

Emmanouil Markoulakis

“…The lattice structure you are describing sounds to me much like the historic Aether concept. So what is the predicted maximum propagation speed of distortions caused by normal matter and light on this lattice you are describing as the physical structure of the vacuum space? Besides the transverse distortion propagation we experience as normal light in our spacetime there could be some kind of longitudinal pressure distortion in your lattice that propagated much faster than c…”, etc.

- yeah, the [5]4D dense lattice of the [5]4D of binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, [5]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z,ct), is essentially like “the historic Aether”,

- the last, though, was introduced in XIX century physics as some medium, where the EM wave, including light, propagate – like the well observed transverse and longitudinal waves propagate in/on media - “solid body”, “water”, “gas”, etc. to “explain” the wave properties of EM waves, and practically for nothing else.

The FLE-lattice is the ultimate and ultimately universal “Aether”, where no any, say, “pressure waves” really propagate, when everything in Matter is/are some specific 4D disturbances in the lattice. The disturbances, again, appear in the lattice when some the lattice’s FLE is impacted with transmission to it some momentum. At that the binary FLE “flips”,

- and, since every FLE is linked with its neighbor FLEs, that causes sequential FLE flips, roughly along some line in the lattice – and so in the 4D sub-spacetime, of course, also [more correctly in 4D space], this disturbance is, say, a particle, which exists as sequential FLE flipping along some 4D “helix” - particles are close-loop sequences of flips – close-loop algorithms that run on the “FLE hardware”.

Some 3D example would be, say, a 3D cube of microchips “binary gates”, every of which is connected with its 26 neighbors, and if some electric pulse flips some gate, in the cube some “gates flipping” point will run in some direction.

Correspondingly the propagation speed is completely determined by the two main FLE parameters – the size and flipping time, more see the SS post 3 days ago now and the papers that are linked in the post; though really the flipping point of particles moves along the 4D “helix” with the speed c√2, c is the speed of light, when the disturbance “particle”, i.e. the “front of the “helix, moves in the 4D space with 4D speed of light.

So in the lattice fundamentally there are no other 4D velocities; and that

“…For all means and purposes we could perceive this speed as instantaneous emphasizing our inability to directly measure any interaction and energy transfer made at speed greater than c. Our spacetime and visible Universe is trapped in a limited c speed prison in which we cannot see beyond. ……”

- is an irrational claim. Normal humans can rationally perceive anything in Matter, whereas practically everything that exists and happens in Matter doesn’t depend on what and how some humans perceive. “Universe” indeed is trapped in a “prison”, i.e. is informational system in the absolutely fundamental and absolutely infinite “Information” Set, where Matter is only some the Set’s element, which is closed in the Set, but that isn’t because of, say, that “energy transfer made at speed greater than c” is impossible, that is because of Matter was designed and created just as logically closed in the Set system; and so, say, despite of everything in Matter interacts, changes the states, etc., however the energy, which Matter got at creation, doesn’t dissipate outside, Matter is rather good battery.

“…Vacuum space is when space is not any more flat but instead physically curved even though there are no matter and energy. This follows directly from Einstein's general theory of relativity, resulting in a vacuum solution to Einstein field equations with cosmological constant…”

- again, see above, Matter’s space[time] is fundamentally absolute, and so there cannot be some strange “vacuum spaces”; whereas that

“….In quantum physics, vacuum space as nothing or absolute empty space does not and cannot exist because zero energy cannot by reached and thanks to Heisenberg uncertainty principle....”

- is also rather irrational claim. The Matter’s spacetime composition is fundamentally determined only by the (4+1) degreases of freedom at FLE state changing, and by nothing else; and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can be applied only in concrete QM objects – and so systems/processes. If there is no any objects, i.e. just if indeed vacuum exists, there is no uncertainty principle.

Cheers

Sergey Shevchenko,

Please can you clarify to the readers what you mean by "degreases of freedom"?

Issam Mohanna, the standard gluon particle is massless with Spin 1. But there is another type of gluon in vacuum space with a mass, as mentioned by David Tong in his lecture at The Royal Institution. Reference:

Lecture (Video), "Q&A - Quantum Fields: The Real Building Blocks of the Universe - with David Tong":

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUMeKDlgKmk (between 12-14 minutes). Feb 15, 2017.

I'm not a mathematician or a scientist. But I could easily discover a few sets of dimensional interactions that could behave like material forms in quantum fields/zones. I discovered two zones/fields of dimensional forms. Perhaps, those two zones/fields behave like electric fields and magnetic fields. I could verify a lot of parts of my theory using the teachings of the Buddha mentioned in Abhidhamma texts. According to Abhidhamma, there are 4 main elements as 8 pure elements in 24 material forms. Those material forms exist in a zone called Rupa-Kalapa (Matter-Zone). I guess, a matter zone is like a quantum field where matter emerges as ripples in quantum fields. Also, those matter zones make the matter body called Rupa-Sarira. And then, they become a Matter group called Rupa-Santhana. Matter zones must be the quantum fields in the Planck scale because Matter zones are very fundamental and they contain material forms that are interconnected like fields that live and die within 51 universal moments repeatedly. Likely, particles are bulk ripples in the Matter zones. I made a Binary mathematical theory that explains the existence of those material forms and functions. Those explanations are deeper/fundamental than modern science. According to Buddhism, the mind is a process inside the Planck scale. I think the wave function makes the observers live in many different worlds. According to Buddhism, there are 30(+1) planes of existence. There are a lot of details in Buddhism that are compatible with modern science.

According to Abhidhamma, the mind lives between two arising and dissolving moments. So likely, there are two invisible moments between the observation of the living moment that anything can exist. Perhaps, Dark Matter exists during those two invisible moments. And maybe, Deva and Brahma beings mainly use Dark matter in two different moments. According to the Buddhist explanations, it seems that the lifetime of a matter zone/unit is 16 + 1/3 mind moments. And the mind moment continues to another matter zone after the 16th mind moment. And perhaps, the next matter zone of the previous matter zone appears/arises after the 17 mind moment. So likely, the matter zones live for 16 mind moments and disappear for 1 mind moment as a cyclic process. According to Abhidhamma, there are ultimate realities called Paramartha (Paramount) Dhamma. But those realities are forms of emptiness:

1.) Matter/Rupa (4 great fundamental forms + 24 derived material forms)

ii.) Cetasika/Chaitasika (52 Mental Factors/fields of emotions)

iii.) Citta (mind moment)

iv.) Nibbana (timeless/unconditioned state)

According to the dimensional structure (image) that I derived theoretically, there is a set of candidates for the standard elementary particles and particles in the vacuum space. The calculation shows two sets/gluons. One with (+1-1)/3 dimensions like the standard gluons. Another with (+0.5+0)/3 dimensions like gluons in vacuum space. The Standard Model has 9 unique and fundamental particles (Higgs particle, 4 Fermions, 4 Bosons). But “experiments show 19 extra parameters that need to be applied for the theory by hand (E.g., adding masses, charges, etc.)”. Likely, there are around 19 particles or variables hidden between the 9 elementary particles. Reference:

Lecture (Video), "The Theory of Everything | Two Prototype Theories of Everything" - Dr. Don Lincoln:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tUZsxjkXBc (between 28-29 minutes). Jul 5, 2017.)

Suresh Wanayalaege,

What is said by David Tong is that when gluons slow down due a quantum mess of quarks and antiquarks and gluons,they become massive.This doesn't mean and Tong didn’t say that we have a new kind of gluons that are fermions of spin 1/2.

Free gluons and quarks have never been observed separately and always exist in hybrids due to confinement or vice versa,and,consequently,there is a minimum energy for a gluon to become confined.If it were not for confinement, free gluons would be massless like photons,as stated by Tong.

After reading your last comment,I think you are deluded.

Sydney Ernest Grimm

"The model describes mutual relations between observable/detectable phenomena thus its relevance to understand “vacuum space” is nearly nihil."

That's really a pitty because the undestanding of how luminous energy and ordinary matter physically interacts with vacuum space is in my opinion of parmaount importance and would resolve almost all unknowns and mysteries of modern physics.

Issam Mohanna

“…Sergey Shevchenko,

Please can you clarify to the readers what you mean by "degreases of freedom"?…..”

- that above looks on first glance as a strange question, the notions "degreases of freedom" is quite standard in mainstream physics, see, say, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics), “…In physics, the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration or state… .The position and orientation of a rigid body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation, which means that it has six degrees of freedom.….”

- nonetheless indeed this notion above, since as everything in the mainstream really is transcendent, and so, say, from the definition above for a rigid body by no means it follows – why this “rigid body” has just these six degrees of freedom? – and, if the answer is – since that because of a rigid body exists and change its kinematical state at motion and rotations in the corresponding 3D space – what relation these decreases of freedom have to the “space”? – besides that they are possible in some “space”, why the “space” is 3D? – and what is “space at all?”, though.

The real answers on these questions were given by von Weizsäcker in his, really one of utmost outstanding in whole physics, first 1950s“UR hypothesis”, where he rigorously had shown that 3D space is necessary and sufficient for some binary physical systems, which are observed as having spin ½ particles, to exist and to change their [binary] spin states,

- and so from the fact that Matter’s space is 3D space it follows that the ultimate base of Matter are some binary entities/alternatives; in ordinary practice that are “bits”, but to underline the ultimate fundamentality of the alternatives von Weizsäcker called them “Urs” – the alternatives that are ultimate base of everything in German mythology.

Correspondingly fermions have six degrees of freedom in 3D space, and, since “rigid bodies” are composed eventually from fermions, they have six degrees of freedom in 3D space as well.

However really the ultimate base of Matter are the [5]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which are really placed/fixed, occupying concrete space intervals, in the 3D space, where have 3 degreases of freedom to be binary elements – to “binary rotate“/ “to flip”.

Besides, as that follows from the other, really one of utmost outstanding in whole physics first 1960s – the Fredkin-Toffoli - finding that at interactions of elements in systems of reversible logical elements energy doesn’t dissipate outside the system - just so in Matter the fundamental energy conservation law universally acts

- correspondingly the FLEs have additional degree of freedom – reverse flipping, what in certain extent is logically prohibited as would be in the just time, since that would be some “travel back in time”, what absolutely fundamentally is logically prohibited,

- and so this degree of freedom has corresponding really space dimension, in the SS&VT physical model that is the “coordinate time”, cτ-dimension of Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, [5]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z,ct), where ct-dimension is just “true”/real time dimension.

Again, cτ-dimension really is the space dimension, however it rather drastically logically differs from the standard X,Y,Z, space dimensions; and, since in everyday practice humans observe what happens in 3D space, since photons move only in the 3D space, whereas the motion of material objects in the cτ-dimension isn’t observable directly,

- and, again whereas, motion in the real time ct-dimension is practically non-observable at all because of the action of the extremely mighty Galileo-Poincaré relativity principle,

- the measurements of “time intervals” in everyday practice and in sciences, including mainstream physics, happens as measuring of motion of specific rigid bodies “clocks” in the ct-dimension.

Though the relativity principle doesn’t work completely in some physical systems, and so observation of the “absolute” motion and measurement of “absolute”, i.e. relatively to the 3D space, velocities of, say, a pair of clocks, really is possible yet now, see proposed in 2013 experiments in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259463954_Measurement_of_the_absolute_speed_is_possible

Cheers

The discussion seems to be going to " what is between matter particles?" From this comes what the various models require it to do. For example, General Relativity seems to require it to be modified by matter and to direct matter. Other models of an aether seem to require it to have a type of particle such as Fatio suggests. But these suggest one can identify a volume and follow that volume such as done in Aerodynamics. But this implies a "wind" which has been rejected by experiment. The STOE's plenum (after Descartes) suggest it acts only by the gradient (no particles) and has the property of inertia to support wave action.

So, the question simplifies to what are the properties of the space (stuff) between matter and is resolved by the model that explains the most observations. Today, the latter requirement is what can explain both cosmological and light interference experiments (the core of "quantum mechanics")?

Sergey Shevchenko,

Posting comments on ResearchGate is free of charge and unlimited. The other good news is that there's no registration fee to pay when signing up.Enjoy yourself!

Still not complete theory as long as it cannot explain physically quantum entaglement and non-locality which in my opinion are interaction phenomena of ordinaty matter with physical vacuum space.

Issam Mohanna, The question from the audience: "You talked about the open question of trying to solve and understand empty vacuum and empty space. Could you elaborate on what that would mean?"

Here is what David Tong said (the way to create heavy/massive gluon particles from quantum fluctuations in vacuum space using the quantum field of the strong nuclear force):

"There are two features of these fluctuations. And if you could prove these features from the first principle, you would win a million dollars. So these are the features. This, I should say is a particular quantum field. It's the quantum field that's responsible for the strong nuclear force. That, it turns out is the one that fluctuates most wildly. 1.) ... 2.) The second thing is the following. That, if you want to now splash this field to create a little particle. It's called the gluon. If you look naively at the equations the gluons should, like the photon, be completely massless and travel at the speed of light. But it turns out it's not. That, it gets slowed down by this quantum mess. And the gluon is actually heavy and massive." - David Tong (Q&A - Quantum Fields: The Real Building Blocks of the Universe - with David Tong - The Royal Institution)

It is very clear that there are two types of gluon particles. There are massless gluons that travel with quarks. Also, there are hidden massive gluons in the vacuum space. And that is what they could detect those massive gluons using the quantum field of the strong nuclear force that fluctuates in the vacuum space. Those massive gluons would travel slower than the speed of light because of their mass. Scientists don't know the reason for it. And that is why they called it an open question. I guess, experimentalists couldn't measure the Spin of those massive gluons because of their hidden nature. But it is not the issue here.

Official Physics has no understanding of the dialectical view of space and time and the Infinite. This is the reason, equipped only with mathematical idealism (a purely quantitative and not a qualitative tool), it is groping in the blind alley; hunting for “vacuum space”, "dark matter/energy", "black hole" etc. ad nauseum that do not even exist!

"The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?"

Article The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?

"The Infinite - As a Hegelian Philosophical Category and Its Implication for Modern Theoretical Natural Science".

Article The Infinite - As a Hegelian Philosophical Category and Its ...

There are four enemies of “truly NEW idea”: Copy of discussion in another RG forum:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is-the-modern-approach-to-cosmology-fundamentally-flawed

[ 3 days ago

Dj Flesher > ”Gordon explains that any truly NEW idea has to overcome three major enemies: Organized* Religion, Organized* Government and Organized* Science. (Maintaining status-quo is feeding these Organizations well, so don't rock the boat.)”

Thanks for your highly significant contribution to this discussion. Aside from the three enemies mentioned above there is the fourth and the most powerful enemy of “truly NEW idea”, namely Kantian subjective idealism (based on brain-cooked logical/mathematical categories) that has infected modern theoretical physics and cosmology since Albert Einstein.

"Quō Vādis Theoretical Physics and Cosmology? From Newton's Metaphysics to Einstein's Theology!"]

Article Quō Vādis Theoretical Physics and Cosmology? From Newton's M...

Suresh Wanayalaege,

Posting comments on ResearchGate is free of charge and unlimited. The other good news is that there's no registration fee to pay when signing up.Enjoy yourself!

Suresh Wanayalaege The very confusing concept of quantum fluctuations is not required and there is no direct evidence that such quantum fluctuations exist.

The whole concept of quantum fluctuations arises because of the historical tendency to think in terms of particles but when it is realised that protons neutrons and electrons are looped waves in Spacetime then the requirement for quantum fluctuations disappears.

Preprint The Unification of Physics (Feb 2022)

Richard

For thousands of years Hindus in India knew that there are only two things that exists in the entire universe, energy (Sakti) and Consciousness (Brahman or Spirit or Shiva) when rest of the world did not see matter as energy. Even after Einstein’s proof of mass energy equivalence, many physicists still keep distinction between matter and energy like in the introductory post of this discussion. Old habits die hard.

Hindus also know that Brahman and Sakti (Spirit and energy) are not two separate things, but only one. They are like ocean and its waves. The content of both is only water. The only difference is in motion. The ocean is motionless and the waves are never without motion. The water in the ocean is infinite compared to finite quantity in the waves. Similarly, Brahman is motionless and infinite like empty space. Since it is pure consciousness or Spirit, it is materially nothing. When small fraction of Brahman begins to move like in big bang inflation, it gives out waves of spirit (particle waves) which physicists call energy. What is motionless cannot be detected, but the energy can be detected due to its motion. Particle waves have wavelengths and periods, This is how motion, energy, length (space) and period (time) are simultaneously created from all pervasive unified field of consciousness (Brahman) which exists in everything that is created including human beings, animals, insects and particles. In humans, Brahman (i.e. empty space) exists as the soul, which the human mind cannot detect because there is no motion in soul. When the waves arise in the soul in the form of ideas, they are detected by the mind. Mind is a form of energy which is not known to science like the dark energy. Mind is continuously in motion. It cannot keep still. So vacuum space is Brahman of the Vedas and Upanishads.

More details in the book, The wave equation: An overview.

Chapter: Periodic quantum gravity and cosmology

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338621845_Periodic_quantum_gravity_and_cosmology

https://novapublishers.com/shop/the-wave-equation-an-overview/

It is very amusing to see that the actual discovery of the “Evil Quanta” at the turn of the 20th century; drove (causality and formal logic/mathematics-based) Western “materialist physics” (metaphysics of Newton) back to Kantian mysticism and now is gradually finding solace in the Spiritual East; since Albert Einstein! Murray Gell-Mann’s “Quark model” of “The Eightfold Way” found inspiration in Buddha’s Eightfold Path. The CERN establishment housing the LHC is now securely guarded by the Hindu deity the “Dancing Shiva” (Natraj)! What better security of so-called “materialist physics” one can expect!

But the truth is that the universe is not mystical or spiritual; it is dialectical! There is no mystery in the universe! The “Evil Quanta” is as real and as natural as anything that can be!

G.W.F. Hegel denounced Newton’s metaphysical/mathematical distortion of Kepler’s laws of the of the solar system as “demonstrated jugglery”; refuted Emmanuel Kant’s (causality and formal-logic based) mysticism of so-called “thing-in-itself” and brought an end of classical philosophy (in the conventional meaning of the term) with his dialectical proclamation, “Truth in philosophy means that concepts and external reality corresponds”. Hegel thereby, made philosophy an integral part of the positive sciences; and even if in a very obscure and highly speculated way; anticipated the quantum phenomena; before one could even imagine such a revolutionary attribute of objective reality!

"The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?"

Article The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?

"Ambartsumian, Arp and the Breeding Galaxies":

http://redshift.vif.com/JournalFiles/V12NO2PDF/V12N2MAL.pdf

Richard Lewis sir, thank you so much for your explanation. I'll learn more about quantum fluctuations/fields to get an idea.

Abdul Malek, I guess the 'Quark Model' was not only inspired by the Buddha's Eightfold Path. But also, according to Buddhism, there are 8 fundamental elements called Pure Eight (Pali: Suddhāṭṭhaka). Suddhāṭṭhaka (“suddha” for “pure” or fundamental” + “āṭṭha” or “eight”) means a unit of matter consisting of eight fundamental entities. Four of these are the “Satara mahā bhūta“ (The Four Great Bhūta. Bhūta is another name for “ghost” because of their elusive nature.): Pathavi (Solid/Earth), āpo (Liquid/Water), tejo (Heat/Fire), vāyo (Gas/Air). These are indeed the most fundamental units of matter, but they cannot be detected by themselves. The four mahā bhūta ('Matter') are with four basic “gati” ('Character of Matter'/ 'Force'/ Antimatter): Pathavi gati (hard/coarse), āpo gati (bound/attracted/liquidity), tejo gati (fiery or energetic), vāyo gati (motion). Thus, in Buddha Dhamma, it says, “gati (character) attracts a similar gati”.

The origin of the smallest unit of matter is called a “suddhāṭṭhaka.” (sometimes written as suddhāshtaka). When enormous numbers of these suddhāṭṭhaka fuses, they get to a more condensed state of “mahā bhūta.” The subtle bodies of Brahmā and some gandhabbā are made of mahā bhūta. Only when vast amounts of these mahā bhūta fuse together to become even more condensed, that we can see them. In this highly condensed state, the matter is called “dhātu.” Bodies of devas are made of finer dhātu. That is why we cannot see devas, but Brahmā can see them. Thus, our bodies are made of more dense dhātu, and that is what we can see. That is why solid objects are called “Pathavi dhātu“; suddhāṭṭhaka in such solid objects have predominantly Pathavi.

I discovered 8 formations of dimensions first. But I didn’t care about it much until I heard the word ‘Suddhāṭṭhaka’ in Buddhism.

I applied 6 directions to remove that infinite nothingness in the first universe. It made 12 dimensions of directional/vector moments (E.g., +6-6 and/or -6+6). I used directions and the virtual gaps in the infinite nothingness to start the calculation to figure out the dimensional symmetry.

E.g.:

The virtual gap in a linear zero (0) direction (E.g.: between left and right) = (+0-0) AND/OR (-0+0)

The virtual gaps in the universal zero (0) that had linear 6 directions = (+0-0)^6 AND/OR (-0+0)^6

The duality of the 6 directions and the 6 distances of the first start of the Universe: (+0-0)^6 AND/OR (-0+0)^6 = initial MATTER and/or ANTIMATTER

initial Matter and/or Antimatter: (+0-0)^6

=

i: (+1-(-1))^3

X

ii: (+0.0-0.0)^3

= ( Maybe there is a fundamental cause for the stable existence of the Heat, Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

Step 1:

(+1-(-1))^3 =

Heat...: + (+1)^3

Solid..: - ((+1)^3 x (-1)

Liquid.: - ((-1)^2 x (+1)^2))

Gas....: + (-1)^2 x (+1)

- (

+ (+1)^2 x (-1)

- ((+1)^2 x (-1)^2

- ((-1)^3 x (+1)))

+ (-1)^3)

)) x (+0.0-0.0)^3 = (+(1)-(-(1))) x (0.000 - 0.000) x (+0.0-0.0)

The main steps of the calculation:

(+1-(-1))^3 = (+1-(-1)) x (+1-(-1)) x (+1-(-1))

According to this mathematical formula: (a+b)^2=a^2+2ab+b^2

= ( (+1)^2 - (+1-(-1)) x (+1) x (-1) + (-1)^2 ) x (+1-(-1))

= ( (+1)^2 - (+1 x (+1) x (-1) -(-1) x (+1) x (-1)) + (-1)^2 ) x (+1-(-1))

= ( (+1)^2 - ((+1)^2 x (-1) -(-1)^2 x (+1)) + (-1)^2 ) x (+1-(-1))

= The first 4 elementary ghosts used 3 dimensions of the Universe ( (+1)^2 - ((+1)^2 x (-1) -(-1)^2 x (+1)) + (-1)^2 ) x This 4th dimension cause to make the 4 dimensions inside the 3 dimensional space (+1-(-1))

= (+1 x ( (+1)^2 - ((+1)^2 x (-1) -(-1)^2 x (+1)) + (-1)^2 ) -(-1 x ( (+1)^2 - ((+1)^2 x (-1) -(-1)^2 x (+1)) + (-1)^2 )))

= (( (+1)^2 x (+1) - ((+1)^2 x (-1) x (+1) -(-1)^2 x (+1) x (+1)) + (-1)^2 x (+1) ) -(( (+1)^2 x (-1) - ((+1)^2 x (-1) x (-1) -(-1)^2 x (+1) x (-1)) + (-1)^2 x (-1))))

= (( (+1)^3 - ((+1)^3 x (-1) -(-1)^2 x (+1)^2) + (-1)^2 x (+1) ) -(( (+1)^2 x (-1) - ((+1)^2 x (-1)^2 -(-1)^3 x (+1)) + (-1)^3)))

= These 8 elementary ghosts used the main 4 dimensions of the Universe (+1)^3 - ((+1)^3 x (-1) - ((-1)^2 x (+1)^2)) + (-1)^2 x (+1) - ((+1)^2 x (-1) - ((+1)^2 x (-1)^2 - ((-1)^3 x (+1))) + (-1)^3)

x

(+0.0-0.0)^3 = (+(1)-(-(1))) x (0.000 - 0.000) x (+0.0-0.0)

Far from claiming to give an exhaustive answer (which, of course, does not exist), I dare to offer a small touch

Research Proposal ВАКУУМ ДИРАКА: ФЕРМИОНЫ МАЙОРАНЫ В ВИРТУАЛЬНОМ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОМ...

In addition, interesting data can be found by keywords "Kosinov, physical vacuum"

Suresh Wanayalaege : Sorry to disappoint your enthusiasm , Sir! You are wasting your energy on a heretic like me. I could not care less for your mythology and spiritualism/mathematics driven claims on physics. It is obvious that I mentioned about Eightfold way in a dismissing sense, to be of any serious relevance to science! I feel uncomfortable to even discuss on this issue and only doing so, just because you addressed your comment to me! I am little surprised by your claims of all sorts of miracle knowledge from ancient Hindu/Buddhist stories, when even the Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi and other members of his Hindu fundamentalist party attributes ALL scientific knowledge and inventions to ancient India:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/28/indian-prime-minister-genetic-science-existed-ancient-times

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/aerial-ancestors-in-ancient-times-the-country-was-already-an-advanced-manufacturing-hub/

I am just busy in trying to demolish the mathematics driven myths created in “materialist physics” and cosmology of modern times; from Newton to Einstein to the present, which in fact has dragged modern theoretical physics and cosmology back to ancient mythology:

"KEPLER -NEWTON -LEIBNIZ -HEGEL Portentous and Conflicting Legacies in Theoretical Physics, Cosmology and in Ruling Ideas" :

Article KEPLER -NEWTON -LEIBNIZ -HEGEL Portentous and Conflicting Le...

"The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein's Theories of Relativity and cosmology":

Article The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and I...

Hmm… on visible page 22 hours old posts are visible - it seems that the too vivid series of too strange posts with too strange “physical approaches”, which in few hours has shifted the last really scientific SS post from the visible page, slowed for a while;

- and so it is worthwhile to note for the readers, who really want to understand what the rather strange mainstream physics notions “physical vacuum”, “vacuum space” etc., mean, that some scientific clarifications are given in the SS posts above. This thread wasn’t too spammed earlier, so the posts aren’t now too far back in the thread

Cheers

No air

“…In easy words we can define Vacuum space contains Zero amount of energy and fluctuations. …..”

- that looks as is rather essentially and really un necessarily vague formulation. Really Matter’s spacetime, in accordance with its rigorous scientific definition, which is possible and is given only in framework of the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s “The Information as Absolute” conception and the informational physical model, which is based on the conception, see first few pages in

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics ,

- is the fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, [5]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z,ct); and by the definition is fundamentally nothing else that the logical – and so fundamentally infinite - “empty container”, i.e. some “absolute vacuum”. Emptiness has no any other properties besides that in the emptiness it is possible to place something, in this case - the informational system “Matter”, which is an element of the absolutely fundamental and absolutely infinite “Information” Set,

- and Matter’s (1+3)D space [cτ,X,Y,Z] is some part of the Set’s space, which has at least “simply” infinite number of dimensions. Note also that all dynamical elements in the Set, including Matter, and, say, humans consciousnesses, move at every their changes in only one universal time dimension - ct-dimension above.

In the spacetime the ultimate base of Matter - the [5]4D dense lattice of the [5]4D of binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE] practically for sure is placed, however, again – that is only some base, everything, what we call “material objects” – and so whole system of the objects “Matter”, is/are some disturbances in the lattice, which is/are created at transmission to some the lattice’s FLE some portion of energy/momentum.

The notion “vacuum”, if rigorously defined, in this case should mean the complete absence of any material objects, i.e. should relate to some non-disturbed local regions in the lattice, and, though in this case such definition now is really uncertain – till now there is no any rational suggestions about what happens in the undisturbed regions, nonetheless so it looks as rather rational to suggest as some starting point

- that nothing essential for Matter in this vacuum happens [besides that it seems the lattice really has expanded at Beginning “inflation epoch”, when no the disturbances – and so no “Matter” existed; and that the expansion continues till now, more see section “Cosmology” in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361749_The_informational_physical_model_and_fundamental_problems_in_physics];

- while if further something essential will be discovered, i.e. that the lattice is some active part of Matter, the notion “vacuum” will simply mean “space”, i.e. will be a superfluous physical notion.

That is another thing, that now in mainstream physics the notion “physical vacuum” standardly is used, which is defined as that means that in every space point everything on QM scale always exists – as always really existent, however “virtual”, particles and fields, and their “fluctuations”. Really, of course, in Matter only real particles and fields - and so further real macro and cosmo scale objects evidently exist,

- though, since any/every FLE can be, after concrete impact, be a part of anything concrete in Matter – FLE of a particle, of a field mediators, etc., so yeah, in every space point that has sizes be equal the Planck length QM-everything – not “virtually”, but “potentially” exists,

- and now we cannot completely exclude that this “potentiality” indeed can actualize itself in some real objects/events/effects in Matter; and the defined by this, principally non-virtual, way “physical vacuum” so can be very interesting object for study in physics;

- when the notion “vacuum space” rationally could be applied only as that is the infinite space outside though huge, but non-infinite, Matter, however physics studies Matter, and such term is really superfluous.

Dear Sydney Ernest Grimm,

- many thanks for the invitation, but I as a rule comment only official physics, and don’t comment alternative approaches besides some rare concrete cases. Participation in some such projects is outside my possibilities.

Cheers

Vacuum space is a theoreticsl concept of emptiness, but in reality there is no empty space.

At the beginning of the Universe (or the Universe’s cycle), the vacuum is the perfect cancellation of matter and antimatter. Space cannot be defined at this stage.

When the Big Bang takes place, there is a great release of energy (matter) coming from the vacuum itself. Simultaneously, the vacuum begins to develop a structure that defines the possibilities of energy levels upon which matter can arise and be stable.

Vacuum and matter are interdependent or entangled; therefore, the stability of the vacuum will in turn depend on matter’s expression. This is because neither vacuum nor matter can be found as independent, separate bodies from each other.

Before to post in a thread it is desirable to read other posts, in other cases the posts can be rather strange. Including, say, to write that

“…At the beginning of the Universe (or the Universe’s cycle), the vacuum is the perfect cancellation of matter and antimatter. Space cannot be defined at this stage…”

- it is necessary before to understand what are “Universe”, “matter”, “antimatter”, “Space”; while since in this case that is a typical quite legitimate in the mainstream physics, where all the fragmental phenomena/notions above are completely transcendent, claim, really it is transcendent, and, besides, really fundamentally incorrect.

As well as that

“…..When the Big Bang takes place, there is a great release of energy (matter) coming from the vacuum itself…”

- since in the mainstream the [absolutely] fundamental phenomenon/notion “Energy” is completely transcendent also, is again a transcendent and incorrect claim, nothing can come from the vacuum.

Etc., including what are “Universe” - more correctly “Matter”, “Big Bang”, “Space”, “Energy” “matter”, “antimatter”, “vacuum”, how really Matter’s structure with a well non-zero probability was developed, etc., see the SS posts above and links in the posts.

Recent SS post in https://www.researchgate.net/post/If_the_universe_formed_from_nothing_who_created_the_Nothing , where the author is a normal – i.e. really rationally scientifically thinking – human, and till now the posters are mostly really professional enough scientists, so the thread isn’t spammed, and this notification isn’t some invitation of some vivid posters to take part in the discussion, is well relevant to this tread question.

Cheers

Dear Gemma F. Lopez ,

What you say sounds like the theory of inflation in cosmology. Is this your framework?

Topology in momentum space is the main characteristics of the ground states of a system at zero temperature, the quantum vacua. There is a number of of topological invariants in momentum space of different dimensions. They determine universality classes of the topological matter and the type of the effective theory which emerges at low energy, give rise to emergent local Anisotropies and emergent gravitational fields. The topological invariants in extended momentum and coordinate space determine the bulk-surface and bulk-vortex correspondence, connecting the topology in bulk with the real space. The momentum space topology gives some lessons for gravity in vacuum outer space and gravity in quantum vacua . In effective gravity emerging at low energy, the collective variables are the tetrad field and spin connections, while the metric is the composite object of tetrad field. This suggests that the late Prof. Einstein was totally wrong . Another explicit expression is derived for the quantum vacuum state by use of the saddle-point approximation and a conformally invariant action. It consists of a superposition of zero-energy classical vacua that differ in the topology both from the local Lorentz frames (leading to CP non_conservation) and from the "accepted" meaning of space itself. Furthermore , Semi-classical techniques exist that study quantum field theories by looking at their special classical field configurations. Examples include solitons, instantons and sphalerons. In such considerations and discussions, topological considerations turn out to be crucial.

Dear Jose Gaite

Jose Gaite: “What you say sounds like the theory of inflation in cosmology. Is this your framework?”

Our model does not consider space as a fundamental physical parameter of nature and hence it is not based on the theory of inflation.

Having said that, the model allows for an interpretation of the Universe’s evolution using certain aspects of the inflation theory, such as an expansion of space, or a Big Bang, so in this sense, it is not contradictory.

But such an interpretation is merely conceptual, which does not only imply that it has no physical basis, but also that other interpretations are equally possible, perhaps even an absolute space.

The problem is that interpretations based on a spatial framework will eventually meet obstacles when trying to accommodate the quantum nature of matter (such as non-locality, entanglement, or quantum superposition).

However, the statement that "space is not fundamental" has to be understood with care, as we are not negating the existence of objects or that a separation can be defined in terms of such differences, so there is some complexity rather than a simple negation.

No air

No air

No air present

We use it to store genetic material

Dear Emmanouil Markoulakis . See the following useful link : https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/what-is-the-vacuum-of-space/amp/

Kindly see also the following useful link: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.sciencefocus.com/space/is-space-a-perfect-vacuum/amp/

I do agree with Reza Sanaye.

The following link is also very useful: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/29832/vacuum-of-space

I do agree with Reza Sanaye.

vacuum, space in which there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low that any particles in the space do not affect any processes being carried on there

even vacuum shall possess lattices of its own . .. If there is a spacetime , it will depend on pixel-size choice of Subjectivity ... .. .

Enormous voids in the universe devoid of matter (that is, rarely found in stars or galaxies) and surrounded by galaxies and groups of galaxies]This is the general structure of the structure of the universe, where the galaxies and their groupings are concentrated in a spider web, distributed around huge voids, connected by threads of galaxies, and these voids are sometimes similar to foams.

Vacuum is motion. There is no space time without spending energy.

Riccardo C. Storti

Dark energy , said to be present everywhere , is in fact the interlacing of vacuum space's very simple structuration that is not incompatible with the inexhaustible character of the information flux contained in physics as well as in mathematics. The judicious selection of the perquisite planar building blocks, 4-connected square homeo-tetrites and connected trigonal tangent pentites, allows the condensation of the said vacuum to give birth to data\energy flow mereotopology .

Alaya Kouki

The point of such a solution was that it allowed Helmholtz to extend the hydrodynamic-electromagnetical analogy to the case of vacuum flows without a velocity potential. The motion of\in the topology of vacuum at a given point of time has turned out to be of exactly the same form as the magnetic field induced by a stationary distribution of electrical currents corresponding to the given distribution of vortex lines in an Anisotropic fluid . Applications of newly established principle of topological interlockings would suggest that non-stable mereology and measure are not only linked, but related .

Riccardo C. Storti

You are not only a true scientist , but also a truly humble man . I am actually in NO position to consider myself as much more intelligent than you are . I can only claim that I have been engaged in this issue of Vacuum Space as deeply as you have been for many many months now .

Please be kind enough to let me go thru ALL the minutiae of your documents and your hard-working in order to reply back in a sensible manner .

One thing is for sure : You and I have to be in tight cooperation AND view-exchanging with one another .

Sincerely Yours

REZA

Riccardo C. Storti

My mother had English as her 3rd language. I was brought up by an Irish caretaker/nanny . I was also 3 years in Britain for one of my Masters' Degrees . ... . . . . ... .

I deem this conversation as the start of an auspicious cooperation for both of us . I feel so grateful towards Research Gate for creating such a democratic view-exchanging channel .

Yours Ever

REZA

No air

Riccardo C. Storti

A vacuum is a place that is devoid of all matter. In the Solar System, there are typically five atoms per cm3 of space. In the interstellar space between stars, there are around one atom per 1 cm3, while there are 100 times less in the intergalactic region between galaxies. Because energy fluctuations known as "virtual particles" are constantly bursting into existence, even in "empty" space, a perfect vacuum is ultimately unachievable. however , this due to assumptions AND presumptions of QFT . We have two ways ahead of us :

Deeming QFT to be "correct" and , as a result , regarding vacuum space as the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) with the lowest possible quantum energy. Under such circumstances , your graphs are not of great use . The existence of a vacuum state cannot be derived from or refuted by the field equations and commutation relations that make up a local quantum field theory that describes zero-mass particles. It is a stand-alone postulate that may be included or withdrawn as needed without modifying the theory's fundamental physical tenets. According to present-day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is by no means a simple empty space. Quantum corrections to Maxwell's equations are expected to result in a tiny nonlinear electric polarization term in the vacuum, resulting in a field-dependent electrical permittivity ε deviating from the nominal value ε0 of vacuum permittivity.

The theory of quantum electrodynamics predicts that the QED vacuum should exhibit a slight nonlinearity so that in the presence of a very strong electric field, the permitivity is increased by a tiny amount with respect to ε0. Subject to ongoing experimental efforts is the effect that a strong electric field would modify the effective permeability of free space, becoming anisotropic with a value slightly below μ0 in the direction of the electric field and slightly exceeding μ0 in the perpendicular direction. The quantum vacuum exposed to an electric field thereby exhibits birefringence for an electromagnetic wave travelling in a direction other than that of the electric field. The effect is similar to the Kerr effect but without matter being present. This tiny nonlinearity can be interpreted in terms of virtual pair production A characteristic electric field strength for which the nonlinearities become sizable is predicted to be enormous, about 1.32\times 10^18 , known as the Schwinger limit; the equivalent Kerr constant has been estimated, being about 1020 times smaller than the Kerr constant of water. Explanations for dichroism from particle physics, outside quantum electrodynamics, also have been proposed. Experimentally measuring such an effect is very difficult, and has not yet been successful.

The very non-linearity discussed above is a signifier of dipolarity "hidden" within Vacuum giving rise to a magnetic moment. Such a magnetic moment could , thence , be interpreted to be the minimum eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian of the system. The Hamiltonian is the operator which corresponds to the total energy of the system, so it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy. This is often also referred to as the ground state energy of the system. Heuristically, the ground state energy is the energy which the system has simply by existing. Normally, this doesn't make any sense: If I just make the system do nothing, just sit there, then it would have zero energy. We wouldn't need the fancy name. Because the energy is quantized you usually find several possible values for the energy that are given by an integer number n called the Principal Quantum Number. The lowest value of En, normally when n=0n=0 or n=1n=1, is the Groud-State. This means that the energy of the Vacuum State is the lowest and it is a combination of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The system must have some momentum, to satisfy the above-mentioned non-linearity. In turn, it will also have some energy. This is why we can never reach absolute zero , no matter how hard we try, there always remains the jiggling of the ground state.

Bear in mind that these are all in case we deem QFT to be "correct" and , as a result , regarding vacuum space as the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) with the lowest possible quantum energy. NOW , THE SECOND WAY OPEN IN FRONT OF US IS PUSHING QFT ASIDE [ WITH ALL ITS ASSUMPTIONS AND PRESUMPTIONS ] AND TAKING A MORE "TRADITIONAL" PATH . I shall talk about this one in a later post . Simply cannot bring in the whole elucidation here as in continuation .......................

very Dear Riccardo C. Storti

I can work with you with QFT [ and QCD ] and with the :

" What about if I told you that QFT is correct but:

AND :

I can work with you taking A MORE "TRADITIONAL" PATH , PUSHING QFT & QCD ASIDE [ WITH ALL ITS ASSUMPTIONS AND PRESUMPTIONS ] . Please do not be hurt by such non-partiality . This is my habit . I am a philosopher of science . I work with many many different people with lots and lots of assumption-full + assumption-less Methodologies .. . ...

Riccardo C. Storti

Since nothing should be able to move at absolute zero because there is no thermal energy remaining at all, ZPE is considered to be the atomic motion that continues even after the matter has been cooled to that degree. Things are still moving even if it is really chilly. Either the theory is flawed and absolute zero has never been achieved, or the motion observed is due to quantum jitter (zitterbewegung). Diverse theoretical estimates have been made on the amount of energy required to initiate motion at a purportedly absolute zero temperature. The Casimir Effect and quantum jitter, in my opinion, provide demonstrable evidence of Brownian-like subquantum aether dynamics.

BUT I HAVE FOUND ITS LEAKAGE POINT ................

This is an interesting question; is there "empty" space, if so, what is it?

Here's the answer in view of the basic cannons of the New Epistemology:

there is no "empty" space (vacuum, where "nothing" is present); the term "vacuum" is a Virtual Reality term, not an actual term in Nature and Reality. The term "nothing" does not exist (has no standing) in the New Epistemology.

Matter, Energy and interactions fill space, an Ecology, at any scale at various densities. The inseparable combination of scale-space-time is an inseparable component of "existence". To all three, a meta framework in Logic and Linguistics "exists", where more fundamental notions arise. One can't address this question within the existing Linguistic-Logic framework. It has no resolution.

See my paper (and the cited references):

(PDF) On a meta framework to view and model Nature, Society and Reality within the New Epistemology (researchgate.net)

Thanks for your question, and attention!

Excellent topic to dig deep into. Thanks.

Interactions among particles (at some scale) is what fills the space-time-scale discontinuous "existence dynamics" (ecological evolution). As I pointed out, we need a new Linguistics-Logic matrix to address the issues. I have made a suggestion on how to approach the issue in my paper on a "meta framework".

Riccardo C. Storti

The terms "nothing" and "zero" are not Reality, but the Virtual Reality of Mathematics (i.e., of human intellectual games and models of Reality).

Dimitrios S. Dendrinos > "there is no "empty" space (vacuum, where "nothing" is present); the term "vacuum" is a Virtual Reality term, not an actual term in Nature and Reality. The term "nothing" does not exist (has no standing) in the New Epistemology."

Very well said - the contradiction "Being-Nothing" of Hegel's dialectics! Please see:

"The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?"

Article The Philosophy of Space-Time: Whence Cometh Matter and Motion?

"The Infinite - As a Hegelian Philosophical Category and Its Implication for Modern Theoretical Natural Science" :

Article The Infinite - As a Hegelian Philosophical Category and Its ...

"The Nothing That Really Is! Dialectical Contradictions in Mathematics and Physics"

Article The Nothing That Really Is! Dialectical Contradictions in Ma...