First, concepts such as designs, methods, techniques, instruments, population, samples, participants, context, and literature review must be defined with extreme clarity and precision.

1. Introduction to Methodology

• Briefly explain why you chose this methodology.
• Link the methods to your research objectives/questions.

2. Research Design

• Type of research: qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method.
• Approach: descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, experimental, case study, survey, etc.
• Justification of why this design fits your research.

3. Population and Sampling

• Target population (who/what is being studied).
• Sample size and characteristics.
• Sampling technique (random, purposive, stratified, convenience, etc.).
• Justification of sample selection.

4. Data Collection Methods

• Primary data: interviews, questionnaires, experiments, observations, focus groups, etc.
• Secondary data: literature, reports, databases, official records.
• Tools and instruments used (questionnaires, interview guides, sensors, lab equipment).
• Validity and reliability of instruments.

5. Data Collection Procedure

• Step-by-step explanation of how data was collected.
• Timeline (when and where the study was conducted).
• Any permissions/ethical considerations (consent forms, approvals, confidentiality).

6. Data Analysis Methods

• Techniques used to process and analyze data (statistical tests, thematic analysis, coding, software like SPSS, R, NVivo, Excel, etc.).
• Justification for chosen analysis methods.
• Criteria for interpreting results.

7. Ethical Considerations

• How you ensured confidentiality, anonymity, and consent.
• Handling of sensitive information.
• Ethical clearance (if applicable).

8. Limitations of Methodology

• Possible weaknesses of chosen methods (bias, sample size, scope).
• Steps taken to minimize errors.