Is your question related to resistivity survey ?? Do you want to determine the groundwater contamination through resistivity survey?? Otherwise, the RG reference given by Dr. Xiong perfectly meets your purpose.

Yeah, the above given reference is very good, among others of course... But before starting the sampling and analyzing ... you should have an idea about the aquifer, its dynamics, the surface potential threats and their componenents... so you can narrow the grid by targetting the potentially incriminated elements...

hi it is relally a very complex question. it is related to Which contamination do you investigate. if you search for heavy metals you should search the possible groundwater contaminants which could associated the geological or land use  conditions. for drink water it is important to do alot of tests including all inorganic, organic and Radioactive elements. if you Need water for agricultural, sodium will be the most  important. other industerial uses Need Special condition or Parameters that should be determined Prior to conduct the investigations.

Well, I think that the link below explains the geogenic groundwater contamination in case study .

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257794319_Modeling_the_impact_of_groundwater_depletion_on_the_hydrochemical_characteristic_of_groundwater_within_Mullusi_carbonate_aquifer-west_Iraq.

Sincererly

Well, the link below explains the geogenic groundwater contamination in case study .

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257794319_Modeling_the_impact_of_groundwater_depletion_on_the_hydrochemical_characteristic_of_groundwater_within_Mullusi_carbonate_aquifer-west_Iraq.

Sincererly

First you measure some basic parameters like,

Temp, pH, EC, TDS, TH, Major cations - Ca, Mg, K, Na, Major anions - HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, Total Fe, Mn, F & As.

Groundwater contamination - may be geogenic and/or anthropogenic. So an understanding of the regional geology of the area as well as the nature of anthropogenic activities in and around the study area is required to select the other parameters for measurement. For e.g. Anthropogenic activities like industrial/mining activities, agricultural activities, Mixing of any domestic/municipal waste etc.

Best wishes

Hi,

I agree with Dr. Asit.

The conditios and the most chemicals in water to be analyzed are: Temperature, pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, K, Na, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, TH as CaCO3, F, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn.

With my best regards!

Dr. Adel OUESLATI

Thank you so much. i found the link

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257794319_Modeling_the_impact_of_groundwater_depletion_on_the_hydrochemical_characteristic_of_groundwater_within_Mullusi_carbonate_aquifer-west_Iraq.

very helpful. @ Bayan Hussein, Jiu-Qiang

Well,

What is the difference between contamination and pollution?

Which is the best to say, natural (geogenic) pollution or natural (geogenic) contamination?_______, Anthropogenic pollution or Anthropogenic contamination?

Thanks

With all due respect, this is too broad a question to address without some context. What type of contaminant sources do you suspect are present? Agricultural? Mining? Petrochemical? Landfill? Sewage? What toxicity are you concerned about ...human or stock? Are you investigating a single site or is your investigation plan geographically extensive? It is likely that one of the many studies related to the project below may be useful to you....USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. These studies link a variety of contaminant sources with risk assessment studies based on aquifer susceptibility to contamination.

Dr.Anthony,

It is right, - USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project -https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/

An important site for water studies. The reports of various types of studies are available - these are useful to understand the variety of contaminant sources, risk assessments etc.

Regards

Thanks so much Anthony

In coastal aquifers Na/Cl>1 could be an indication of flushing i.e. when water coming from the continent is flowing towards the coast Ca tends to substitute Na in the sediments. The inverse relationship is typical of sea water intrusion. As the fixation of Ca can induce sub saturation in calcite the first situation could be accompanied by an increase in bicarbonate and pH.

Thanks Almeida

Mr. Bayan Hussien

The answer of your question: Difference between contamination and pollution?

Pollution - the introduction of harmful substance to the environment,

Contamination - the presence of an unwanted constituent, or impurity in a material, physical body, or natural environment.

Pollution is also contamination that results in or can result in adverse effects. So, pollutant refers to a harmful substance, but contaminant is not necessarily harmful since contamination refers simply to the presence of a substance where it should not be.

All pollutants are contaminants, but not all contaminants are pollutants. Pollutant is always a harmful substance whereas contaminant is not always harmful.

Generally used - Natural (geogenic) contamination or Anthropogenic pollution [generally not used - Natural (geogenic) pollution or Anthropogenic contamination]

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Regards