Dear Hossein,

That is indeed a good question. The theory of the big bang that gives rise to the development of the universe we live in, is almost axiomatic (as self evident, although not at the same time) in which there was a singularity at the beginning. But the beginning should not be at that singularity but beyond, I presume. Every thing that happened right after the big bang is an effect which is cause driven, although looked accidental, and  so should  the singularity itself, a phenomena that happened because of some cause. As you indicated, the singularity may be a black hole and therefore there was a super collapse of a prior universe. If that is the case then the emergence  and collapse of the universe is some how periodical, as seasons of natural disasters here on earth are. 

Dear Dejenie

You mentioned to the important points, thank you. As you know, expansion of the universe has various stages, so that the expansion of the universe was long believed to be slowing down because of the mutual gravitational attraction of all the matter in the universe. We now know that the expansions accelerating and that whatever causes the acceleration (dubbed “dark energy”) cannot be Standard Model physics.

According to general relativity, the initial state of the universe, at the beginning of the Big Bang, was a singularity. Both general relativity and quantum mechanics break down in describing the Big Bang. My question is, if the universe collapses, will it reach to infinite density and zero volume? Or is there a force that will counteract it?

So, in my opinion we need reconsidering cosmological equations by using a new definition of singularity.

This question is quite interesting.

In string theory there is a two dimensional field theory (living on the string world sheet)  where the space time coordinates are treated as quantum fields. There is a string action (For example Nambu-Goto action https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto_action) and space-time coordinates are obtained by solving Euler Lagrangian equations. Along with four-space time dimensions, other compact extra dimensions also naturally emerge. Though at distance scales larger than the string scale one can recover the Einstein's gravity, in smaller length scales infinite number of corrections are added to "quantum fields" of this 2-D theory, these "quantum fields" include ordinary space time dimensions. Einstein's equations are not strictly obeyed at this stage, and it is quite interesting to know that now what happens to the "classical" scenario of the big bang.

Reference for string cosmology: FACTS  AND FANTASY IN STRING COSMOLOGY : Gabriele Veneziano: http://inspirehep.net/record/388390/files/C94-03-12_341-355.pdf

Dear Biswajoy

Thank you for your interesting and useful mentions.

But, in CPH theory, Phenomena are investigated by using structures of particles and its taking step towards combining Quantum mechanics and relativity.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303988070_Generalization_of_the_Dirac%27s_Equation_and_Sea

Article Generalization of the Dirac's Equation and Sea

A black hole has a future singularity, the Big Bang had a past singularity. That's the difference. Cf. the paper by Hawking and Penrose, http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/314/1519/529 where they explore the relation(s) between the two.

Dear Stam

You are right, thank you. In this question I have focused on past singularity.

Both notions are speculations only. There is actually no valid evidence for both.

Dear C. Y. Lo

You are right, ut observations show the Known Universe consists of matter and energy. And still no reason that the known laws of the earth, are not be generalizable to the entire world.

Mathematics does not have thought of mind and thought of Creator . Hence Big Bang has been discarded as it cannot reveal DE and DM . It is creation theory that reveals DM and DE first . Hence New model of universe i.e. Hoyle Narlikar ( continuous creation ) is the right model to explain about origin of the universe . For details pl see---- Vijay Mohan Das, Atomic genetics and origin of universe ( Ho= 72 km/sec/Mpc ) volume 1, International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), volume 16 , number 1 ( 2014), p 311-338. on line journal .

thanks 

Dr Das

[email protected] 

What is the Steady State Theory?

A few different theories about the origin of the universe exist today. The Steady State Theory was developed in the late 1940s. This chapter offers an overview of this theory as well as comparing it to the Big Bang theory.

The term 'steady state' means a stable condition that does not change over time or in which change in one direction is continually balanced by change in another. The Steady State Theory of the origin of the universe is also referred to as the infinite universe theory or continuous creation. This theory was proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle.

Problems of the Steady State Theory

The Steady State Theory began to fade in the 1960s after the discovery of quasars. A quasar is thought to be a luminous galactic core, powered by a super-massive black hole. Quasars are so far away from us that their light has taken several billion years to reach the Earth. So, quasars are objects from the past which indicate that a few billion years ago the structure of the universe was very different from how it is today.

The final 'blow' to the Steady State Theory was delivered by radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. These scientists discovered the cosmic microwave (high frequency radio wave) background which is thought to be leftover radiation from the Big Bang. The Steady State Theory has explained this background radiation as the light from ancient stars which has been absorbed and emitted in all directions by galactic particles. Most astronomers were not convinced by this explanation because the discovered microwave background was very smooth, meaning that it did not come from different small sources. Also, its spectrum is close to that of an ideal black body. In physics a black body is the body that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation. The Steady State Theory is now no longer accepted by most cosmologists. Today the majority of astronomers consider the Big Bang theory to be the best description of the origin of the universe.

www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-4_u-138_t-402_c-1413/steady-state-theory/nsw/steady-state-theory/the-big-bang-and-our-universe/the-formation

Our interpretation and understanding of the universe is dependent on the accepted theories. When a theory reaches unanswered questions, it will need to develop, like the Big Bang theory that developed by inflation.

In recent years, important aspects of inflationary cosmology have been borne out empirically. But the fields responsible for inflation cannot be Standard Model ones. Also the big bang cannot be described using any known equations of physics until 10-6 seconds had elapsed. In this paper three things are done.

A. According to reconsidering relativistic Newton's second law, the Big Bang is explained.

B. Regarding the sub quantum energy, the Friedmann equation is reviewed.

C. Using the sub quantum energy form of Friedmann equation, the inflationary Big Bang theory is reviewed.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263083376_Reviewing_Friedmann_Equation_and_Inflation_Theory_by_Sub_Quantum_Energy?ev=prf_pub

In addition, according to Relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. So, Force, Energy and Mass are three manifests of a unified entity. And it leads us to change our perception about force, energy and mass.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280626794_Unified_Force_Energy_and_Mass?ev=prf_pub

Article Reviewing Friedmann Equation and Inflation Theory by Sub Qua...

Article Unified Force, Energy and Mass

Big Bang is discarded as it cannot reveal nature of DM and DE . New model has been made that reveals nature of DM and DE i.e. Hoyle Narlikar Universe . Pl see details . 

Vijay Mohan Das, Atomic genetics and origin of universe ( Ho= 72 km/sec/Mpc ) volume 1, International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), volume 16 , number 1 ( 2014), p 311-338.

Mathematics does not have thought of mind and thought of Creator B.B.B . 

[email protected] 

In CPH Theory, the universe (observable and non- observable universe) is eternal.

Nothing is creating and nothing disappears. Mass increases (by absorption) and explodes.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309153372_What_is_CPH_Theory?ev=prf_pub

Article What is CPH Theory?

Regardless of our efforts,  the universe keeps behaving as it should be and we keep trying to understand what it is doing. That is the problem of stating something as a property, about things we do not know wholly, because the part that we do not know may play the major part of the character we want to know. 

Dear Dejenie

I agree with you.

But we can generalize the known laws of the earth to different cases of matter and energy extend. Including the increasing the mass, by absorption the material.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279446746_Graviton_and_cosmology_equations_before_the_Big_Bang?ev=prf_pub

Article Graviton and cosmology equations, before the Big Bang

All we can say from our researches into Econophysics Field and Methods is that Black Holes|Big Bang singularity (*) and Big Bang|Black Holes Yang Mills Mass Gap (*) are "jump quantum" Arrow of Time M Theory mutually exclusive transitive entropy ordered Classical-Quantum uniform closure limits which is the Meta Step Algorithmic Functor Category "Spooky Action at a distance" Limit (plim sup {E=mc^2}|*) ,emphasis added by yours trulies. Please see also Sullivan, et. al. (2013).

SKM for SKM, NH, SM

In mathematical physics, the Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of US$1,000,000 to the one who solves it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_existence_and_mass_gap

NASA starts Stealing my Gravitation theory:

“The majority of Ferent matter(Dark matter) is the core of the supermassive black hole” Adrian Ferent(Jan 14, 2015)

NASA --"Primordial Black Holes Formed in 1st Fraction of a Second of the Universe Could Function as Dark Matter" (The Weekend Feature)

October 29, 2016

“Black holes formed in the universe's first fraction of a second -- could work as dark matter." Kashlinsky said (May 24, 2016)

http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-scientist-suggests-possible-link-between-primordial-black-holes-and-dark-matter

http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2016/10/nasa-goddard-primordial-black-holes-formed-in-1st-fraction-of-a-second-of-the-universe-could-functio.html

Ferent matter is Dark matter – Adrian Ferent (Jan 14, 2015)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taXMgfqKgFQ

Hossein, there are no singularities in physics, only in mathematical models of physics.

Dear Matts

Forget singularity, my question is, if the universe collapses, will it reach to infinite density and zero volume? Or is there a force that will counteract it?

Hossein,

According to recent research on Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), appearing in modified theories of gravity, the evolution of the universe can be continued beyond the Big Bang. The Big Bang appears thus to be replaced by a sort of cosmic Big Bounce appearing at the smallest meaningful distance, the Planck distance at about 10-35 m. 

The idea in LQG is that spacetime itself exhibits a granularity as a direct consequence of quantisation. If the universe collapses to the Planck scale it does not collapse any further, As direct answers to your questions, the universe will not attain zero volume and infinite density. 

The collapse will be followed either by a new expansion or by tunneling into another universe. There is a long article in Wikipedia on LQG.

Dear Matts

Thank you for your answer, I knew this and have not accepted. Because I disagree that the universe collapses to the Planck scale. You can see my answer to this question at the page 11 of following link;

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309153372_What_is_CPH_Theory?ev=prf_pub

Article What is CPH Theory?

OK, so Hossein already knows everything about Loop Quantum Gravity, you can ask him. But I wonder why he then poses such elementary questions on RG.

Dear Matts

I did not claim that I know everything about Loop Quantum Gravity. the Big Bounce is suggested as a property of the cyclic model or oscillatory universe interpretation of the Big Bang where the first cosmological event was the result of the collapse of a previous universe.

The Big Bounce is unable to describe the mechanism of universe collapse and rebirth, but CPH theory is able. For more detail see link in my last comment.

In spite of publishing many articles about graviton, but it has not been done any considerable work about mechanism of graviton exchange between bodies/particles. The reason is that the old graviton definition (in modern physics) is unable to describe this mechanism and also it is impossible to get the theory of the quantum gravity. In this article with reconsidering physical phenomena, a new definition of graviton is given which by its using; the mechanism of graviton exchange between bodies/particle is described and surveyed.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310003753_The_Mechanism_of_Graviton_Exchange_between_Bodies

Article The Mechanism of Graviton Exchange between Bodies, Part I

Hossein, 

Thank you for posing this 'elementary question' on RG.

I can only follow your thoughts  

as a very old, wise student might follow.  

I have great personal interest 

in this 'first cause' 'first event' topic 

because it has come up in my mind 

many times , during my life, 

and it always disturbs my desire for an orderly universe. 

Many years back, I was encouraged to read a popular 

treatise on P.A.M. Dirac and the Infinite Sea of energy. 

I have thought ever since that 'magic' may disappear 

from Physics, finally.    I followed as best I could. 

In a different perspective,

I have been intrigued by the thought

that this universe might be

the inside of a 'black hole'

and the expansion we think we measure might be only 

the under-side of an 'apparent horizon'

that is inside of a 'black hole'.   ( laugh )

Just fanciful thoughts of an old man, I guess. 

Barrie Gilbert has kindly led me to be aware that

my ideas may be sometimes just a 'fools errand'

for which there is possibly no good solution

and is possibly just entertainment for my mind.

So,  with humility , 

I will continue to follow these ideas of your's about CPH, 

so that I may find some new thinking

that brings more order to this vast universe,

and more peace to my mind.

peace be to you ,  

Glen Ellis 

Both  are groundless speculations. We are better off if we consider other issues.

Dear Glen

Thank you for that you have shared your thoughts, I enjoyed.

I hope you find some new ideas of CPH Theory.

Best Regards

Hossein

Dear Prof. Javadi,

                                I think the collapse of the universe is interesting so far as Econophysics goes because it helps to explain concepts like Hawking Radiation and the Yang Mills Existence problem is a calibration in this line of research. The Planck's constant helps to analyse the theromodynamic Effect in these analytical spacextime factorised potentials. So we have definitely solved part of the Yang Mills existence and Mass Gap problem also in our research. All I can report is that it gives rise to a new look at QECD within networks (low dimensions). This is certainly a Field Theory. Thanking you, 'for your question and the other discusssants.

Soumitra K. Mallick

for Soumitra K. Mallick, Nick Hamburger and Sandipan Mallick

Dear Soumitra

Thank you for useful mentions, I appreciate your attention on my posting.

Newton and Einstein define the acceleration regardless of the structure of particles (in classical mechanics and relativity). This definition belongs to Newton era or macroscopic level. It should be noted that the interaction between large objects (e.g. collision of two bodies) under the action of the quantum layer (in fact sub quantum level) has been done. Thus, according to quantum mechanics and mass–energy equivalence E=mc^2, we must redefine acceleration.

Dear Prof. Javadi,

                                Isn't it true though that when one is considering the interaction picture between information (not necessary light can be sound or computer signals) and energy spacextime factorisation can endogenously solve for the acceleration problem. Then we can solve for the potential and kinetics in a closed scroedinger kind of box. In fact this is kind of the Schroedinger Analysis with Copenhagen intrepretation of quantum mechanics which may we say we have solved to some extent and also working on it. We have solved for the Econophysics ,models in various dimensions and analysed the Internetworked Fine Structure Constant after identifying all the String Theories and also solved for the Yang Mills Existence and Mass Gap problem. We have used the mathematics to solve for the Pvs.NP problem. also.

SKM for SM, NH, SKM

Dear Soumitra

I will not disagree will you, I am talking about fundamental particles.

Something that has been pain attention and accepted by physicists in is that elementary particles such as photon and electron are point-like and unstructured particle. Point-like particles are mathematical abstractions with zero size. However, even zero-size particles have an extended effect, due to the effect of the field surrounding them. This view is not able to solve problems of physics, also is not able to answer the unanswered questions in physics.

Prof. Javadi,

                      We have got you on that whether you like it or not. That is why we have started our analysis with the Biological Systems function of utility (Cardinal because there is also an ordinal one) and physical ensembles of particles which define information and Copenhagen Quantum Physics intrepretation probability functions which apply on utilitiy from various consumption actions in markets to result in various other actions and fields and methods. If you are to find particles in this setup you have to work backwards from materials in markets which are called goods and bads. This approach of Econophysics we have shown in our research (I personally have a few but I believe fundamental published papers listed on my RG site some jointly) which can explain information and energy back to Black Holes and a fair amount of modern Physics using String Theory differentiation and integration which uses physical concepts like Lie Algebra and vectorial properties of mass and energy and velocity and three or four dimensional graphs and infinite dimensional fields and methods or technologies etc.. It is an inductive reasoning working backwards but we have found new particles which are present in the internet for example which we have labelled "polarons" and this we have submitted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. These particles behave as Dbranes Strings in that they can differentiate and integrate other particles and give rise to Functor Category Systems Classification and Integration for these GN self energy self information (closed systems) networks (systems). They are fundamentally driven by biological interventions in the form of certain fundamental Laws of Learning which I had developeed in my PhD thesis at NYU while studying the interaction of bounded rational human behaviour and future market architectures involving learning resolution of fundamental uncertainty where learning necessarily takes resources like time or space in conformity with the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg. We obtained the Shannon measure of communication as a result of market action. Sorry for providing such a slaes titch for our research. Switching Circuits and Chemical Physical Potential and Flow  Analysis in terms of my collaborators are essential for this Fieeld and Methods developed. Thanks. This is meant for evryone on researchgate  and outside. This is kind of a lecture if you find some merit in it. It kind of pops up that the Spin of the "polaron" particles we have discovered is two-and-half (5/(+,-) orientation) with a depolarising blasting potential (small bang at Planck scale).

SKM for SKM, NH, SM

Dear Soumitra

I appreciate your researches that are very interesting to me.

As I told before, I have focused on fundamental particles and their structures.

In Standard Model, fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is still unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of the other particles or not. Although the Standard Model describes the phenomena within its domain accurately, it is still incomplete. Perhaps it is only a part of a bigger picture of the modern physics which includes the deeper and hidden layer of subatomic world that has been dipped into the darkness of the universe.

http://home.cern/about/physics/standard-model

So this question arises: what is the properties of a particle that could be really a fundamental particle? In CPH theory, a fundamental particle is a particle that is not decayed under any condition or is not convertible into other particles. Such a particle must be constant mass (energy), therefore, the value of speed must not change.

The value of speed of "polarons" does not change. I do not want to discuss the speed because of certain confidentiality reasons. But it acts as a glue particle for phonons (electrons) and it moves because of its Econophysics potential of moving from a higher potential of Entropy to a lower one and the phonons which absorb energy from light moves like a classical body moves in the graviton field except in a quantum path which gives rise to the Higgs-Bosonic Gaseous movement through AGNN Networks. They have constant energy (mass) and therefore describes the potential-kinetic flow from its blasting potential start by genetic algorithmic steps whcih are six in metadata with the start blast hence five steps with positive negative orientation thus with 2 and a half spin. However the velocity of the information or light signal is in the opposite direction to the phonons because of the net entropy nature in Lie Algebra (Dbranes String Fuctor Category Systems Classification-Integration "peristalsis' kind of flow movement (entropy can be added or substracted we know from The Third Law of Thermodynamics). This is the analogue for the Kirchoff Law of AGNNetworks in Quantum Physics for information communication.

SKM for SKM, NH, SM

Q. What if the Big Bang was a black hole? 

if you travel back in time as far as you can, around 13.8 billion years or so, you'll eventually reach a singularity - a super-dense, hot, and energetic point, where the laws that govern space-time breakdown.

A. I have some idea or solution.

1. Black hole does not have a singularity and there exists a zone that has a uniform energy density within the black hole.

In the generality of cases, the value of gravitational self-energy(sum of gravitational potential energy) is small enough to be negligible, compared to mass energy mc^2. Therefore, in usual cases, |U_gs|

Dear Soumitra

What I know about polaron is that "a polaron has been extended to describe other interactions between the electrons and ions"

If a polaron refers to interation between electrons, I will let you know that in CPH Theory, exchange particle between charged particles is made up of sub quantum energies, and the energy/mass and speed of a sub quantum energies is constant and does not change.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303988070_Generalization_of_the_Dirac%27s_Equation_and_Sea

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279288309_Graviton_and_virtual_photons?ev=prf_pub

Article Generalization of the Dirac's Equation and Sea

Article Graviton and virtual photons

For long time seemed the Friedmann equation is able to explain universe, but in recent years, the cosmological constant was of interest to cosmologists. However, these two equations are unable to explain before the Big Bang. Thus this paper, from a new approach, turns out to merge the fundamental principles of quantum physics, relativity and classical mechanics through a new definition of rest state of particles like photon, and attempts to present the reasons and the possibilities of the existence of the superluminal speeds. So according to this new view some complex concepts and unanswered questions is explained in this paper.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279446746_Graviton_and_cosmology_equations_before_the_Big_Bang?ev=prf_pub

Article Graviton and cosmology equations, before the Big Bang

Dear Prof. Javadi,

                               We fully agree with you that we cannot say for sure that the "polaron" we have found in analysing our nanochemical quantum wire AGN networks (Econophysics networks) with learning and trading actions is the ionising fundamental particle "polaron" because our particles are String Theory particles and follow Dbranes String Lie Algebra stock and flow, so they have both classical and quantum characters in this sense with constant speed, velocity by Higgs-Englert-Brout particle flow movement of Bosons because of the meanfield in which they remain embedded in. We choose to call them Mallick-Hamburger-Mallick "polarons" because of their Associativity and Transitivity properties coupled with phonons in dielectric meanfields as we have proved but not commutativity, hence non Abelian Gauge Fields SO(23)*SO(6)*SU(3) (Mallick (2014, 2014, Mallick (2015), Mallick, Hamburger and Mallick (Proof of P Vs. NP problem).

SKM for SKM, NH, SM

Dear Soumitra

I appreciate your honestly approach in discussion. I suggest read following article:

In this paper by reconsidering the Dirac Sea and his equation, the structure of photon is investigated and it is made an attempt to answer these following questions:

1- What is the relation between photon and its electromagnetic fields?

2- Does force have physical existence or it is just a mathematical tool to describe physical interactions?

3- What is the mechanism of converting potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa?

4-What is the relation between gravity and electromagnetics?

5-What is the relation between Weyl fermions and Dirac fermions?

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303988070_Generalization_of_the_Dirac%27s_Equation_and_Sea

Article Generalization of the Dirac's Equation and Sea

 Dear Prof. Javedi and others,

                                                     Thank you again for the opportunity of discussing our own research which is like "spinning a yarn" a game we used to play in college. We are trying to calibrate our model and our field and method approach as analytically as possible. However, since we have always worked within the Quantum Information meanfield which ends in particles as resultant Econophysical Actions with a lot of other theories bearing on the experimental and Electronic (Digital) Economic Markets panel data sets we have to strike a mathematical-statistical=entropic balance. That has been the trick of our trade over all these about thirty years. Once we have found the meanfield which satisfies all the String Theories and the Dbranes String Differentiation-Integration process in Lie Algebras which can explain by using the Copenhagen intrepretation meanfields in Hilbert, Banach and Tychonoff product spaces "life on earth can go on smoothly in equilibrium" and with holistic incresingly participative properties with advancing Artificial Intelligence by using two fundamental particles we have discovered and also the switching circuits. We have solved couple of the Millenium Prize (Mini) problems and have submitted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences which includes some commissioned research. At this point we are feeling like branching off into our more mundane didactic activities and less difficult research because we feel we have opened up a lot of fundamental research with good sensible applications for years to come. Thanking you again for this String of Communications it was really very helpful, we hope everyone is watching.

SKM for SKM, NH, SM

Dear Soumitra

These are good and hopeful news, I enjoyed so much. I wish more success for you and your colleagues. I hope to see the results of your brilliant efforts as well as.

Thank you Sir. 

SKM for SKM, NH, SM