Lead is considered as one of the important air pollutant. Earlier the main source of ambient air was leaded gasoline/petrol. After ban on leaded gasoline/petrol, some studies reported significant amount of Lead in ambient air.
So what are the sources of Lead in Ambient air?
Thank you in advance for providing the answer/comments.
Mining and metal manufacturing, waste Incinerators are one of the largest sources of lead emissions.
Please look at the following below links which may help you in your analysis:
https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/env_health_science_students/AirPollution.pdf
https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/atmosphere/air_pollutants_urban.pdf
http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/students/health-effects.pdf
Thanks
There is another source that nobody talks about. Yes, the transportation sector has reduced the permitted levels .
Lead and sulfur have been largely removed from fossil fuels in many sectors (e.g., terrestrial vehicles) but not for aviation (piston-powered or jet exhaust) (AQEG 2018; Clark 2014; EPA 2012; Masiol and Harrison 2014; Winther et al. 2015). For example, the upper limit of sulfur content typically allowed in kerosene is 3000 ppm versus 10 ppm in car gasoline (Masiol and Harrison 2014). Samething for lead, the restriction for terrestrial vehicles is very low but very permissive for aviation gas (AVGAS).
https://www.flyingmag.com/when-will-we-see-unleaded-av-gas/
References:
Masiol, M., and R. M. Harrison. 2014. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. Atmos. Env. 95:409–55. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070.
Clark, P. 2014. Air quality: An emerging issue in the airport industry. Paper presented at the Aerospace International Research Conference 16. Accessed August 3, 2019. https:// commons.erau.edu/aircon/2014_Challenges_Facing_our_ Industry/january-18-2014/16.
Winther, M., U. Kougsgaard, T. Ellermann, A. Massling, J. Klenø Nøjgaard, and M. Ketzel. 2015. Emissions of NOx, particle mass and particle numbers from aircraft main engines, APU’s and handling equipment at Copenhagen airport. Atmos. Environ. 100:218–29. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.045.
Lead and its compounds that are released to the environment as a result of its use in many industries such as the manufacture of batteries, dyes, fertilizers, pesticides and oil industries, and in the coating of tubes and water tanks, as it is included in cosmetics, hair dyes and pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of ulcers.
Satish Bhagwatrao Aher
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Mathematics