https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/730631/

My project is not a hydropower tech but a radical technology.see my project balanced mass and gravity .A perpetual motion machine and will work really.

I have done some changes in the mechanism to make it more simple and test it's feasibility . As per first sketch the ball will be rolled down from the upside of seesaw when seesaw tilts and counterweight will go down. Now you will raise a question that how the counterweight will get back it's position again after unloading the ball as it it not possible.but there is a unique solution to counter this problem. We will have to design the counter weight like a cylinder shape. The counterweight will be locked with a rod with a simple lock mechanism.the length of this rod will be depend on the tilting of seesaw.

Now details that how this mechanism will work?

When right seesaw tilts then the ball will start to roll down and height of ball will be always greater as it is stationed at the upside arm of seesaw.after unloading the ball the counterweight will work to get the seesaw it's horizontal position back .after unloading the ball the rod connected with cylindrical shape counterweight will be detach and seesaw will get back it's horizontal position but I would like to tell you that the rod will be not detached permanently due to brake .this counterweight will be mounted on seesaw at 150 degree angle .it will work like a piston and cylinder system. When seesaw get back it's horizontal position then it will be ready to load the ball .once ball loaded the seesaw again tilt and counter weight will be attached with rod again due to gravity.in this way this mechanism will work.

THe Whole game in this mechanism is depend on design of counterweight.There is no thermodynamics in this mechanism and no physics laws can prevent it to get perpetual motion.

 There are four broad hydropower typologies:

· Run-of-river hydropower  

· Storage hydropower

· Pumped-storage hydropower

· Offshore hydropower

However, the boundaries between these types of hydropower are not concrete; for example, storage projects may incorporate a component of pumping to supplement the water that flows into the upper reservoir naturally. Run-of-river projects may benefit from greater flow regulation (generation flexibility) from a storage project located upstream. Run-of-river projects may also incorporate a few hours up to a few days of storage capability.  There is no standard that completely differentiates each typology from the others, but in general, these typologies represent the hydropower sector.

Outside of ocean hydropower, with regard to turbine types, there are two main categories: reaction and impulse. Impulse turbines utilize the pressure of the water column falling on the turbine through a concentrated jet. For maximum efficiency, the direction of the water striking the turbine is turned through 180° and then falls to a tail-water channel which is open to the atmosphere. Reaction machines utilize both the pressure of the water entering the turbine and the suction of the water exiting the turbine through a draft-tube passageway while flowing towards the downstream water body.  

Examples of impulse turbines are Pelton type units; these tend to be used at sites when the available head at the site is very high and the discharge is small. Reaction turbines tend to be used when the ratio between head and discharge moves towards the lower available head with higher flows. Moving from higher to lower head, examples are Francis, Kaplan and Bulb type turbines.

All the above turbine types are at advanced echelons of technical design. Consequently, extraordinary levels of efficiency can now be expected. Modern hydropower turbines can achieve efficiencies of 95% across their operating range (design limits of head/discharge) – something unparalleled in any other turbine technology. Efficiency gains and the trend for higher capacity equipment to provide peaking generation, continue to drive the market for the modernization of power stations throughout the world. The upgrading and replacement of turbine equipment at existing stations currently represents about 15% of the investment in the hydropower sector. This proportion is likely to remain constant but will grow in absolute terms as the world’s fleet of hydropower stations continues to increase (currently estimated to be about 15,000 in total).

Nonetheless, hydropower technology is regularly refined to optimize performance and minimize local impacts.  Recent advances in hydropower technology include ongoing improvement and increased deployment of tidal hydropower; technological refinements to turbine operations to enable rapid ramp up and ramp down to accommodate increased penetration of renewables into electricity systems (i.e., more variable sources of energy in an electricity system require a technology such as storage or pumped storage hydropower to balance that variability); improved pumping technology for pumped storage hydropower; and fish-friendly infrastructure.  For example, ongoing developments with variable speed pumps in pumped storage stations will help enable penetration of more variable renewable energy sources.   In addition, technological advances have the potential to improve the environmental performance of hydropower. For example, the US Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is currently undertaking research both in the area of development of fish-friendly hydropower turbines that cause minimal injury to passing fish and in the collection of more general information on fish behavior at passages and ladders, and the effectiveness of such measures.

With regard to scale, all the above turbine types can be utilized at sites from the very smallest through the largest capacities. A Francis type turbine, for example, can be used at sites to generate less than 0.1MW through to 800MW. The basic turbine would look exactly the same; the only difference would be the dimensions. As a growing number of low-head sites are being exploited, the number of Bulb type turbine applications is increasing. For example, on the Madeira River in Brazil, two power plants are under construction: the Santo Antônio and Jirau projects. Each will utilize 44 Bulb turbines – an unprecedented number of turbines in single power stations. The projects will add more than 6000MW capacity to the Brazilian electricity system, enough to power two cities the size of São Paulo.

Dear Ioannis,

As you know hydropower is a mixed technology that requires many experts from different fields mainly Civil, Hydraulic, Mechanical, Electrical and Architectural Engineering. I hope you are requesting these question to all these concerned professionals.

What is the technology development in each fields that could greatly contribute to the development of Hydro Power Technology?

I can tell you some of the considerations from electrical engineering side.

• I recommend an efficient type synchronous generator of the same rating for constant flow dam storage water (Macro project)
• PM synchronous generator for variable flow speed micro-hydro power
• A modern PI controlled voltage, power and frequency regulation
• Amorphous core step up transformer (AC transmission)
• DC transmission line is advantageous from economical and efficiency point of view (especially for mega projects)
• Using efficient, and controlled power electronic converters are advisable
• A fast mechanical response in governor design and control
• Turbine technology etc

I hope in gives some hint.

Best regards

Samuel Lakew

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320033244_Sustainability_in_Hydropower_and_Safe_Fish_Passage

Technical Report Sustainability in Hydropower and Safe Fish Passage

https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Hydropower_2016.pdf

http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/hr/print/volume-29/issue-1/lead-story/industry-insight-.html

Dear Ioannis, we are studying the opportunity to use our novel ball gear technology in hydro power generation. It is a gearbox, nothing else, but it uses purely rolling balls as coupling elements - no teeth, chains, belts and alike - and that is what is new in it. Please see our web site at sincroll.com. It has various advantages such as very high efficiency due to practically 'no' friction, only pure rolling. Any shaft angles and offsets. Also, very high gearing ratios. In particular, it could be run under water cooling only, no oil lubrication. Wondering if these advantages could justify the use of our gearbox in hydro power generation. What do you think? Please, let me know - thanks.