I have to write a project on how gamification can be used to innovate e-learning. What are the essential things to know about instructional design?
In addition to the theoretic definition, what are the basic steps for a good design? What professionals need to be involved in this type of project?
As an avid gamer of many years, starting from when I first played marbles, I would say that the key considerations are to consider the rewards around winning and losing and the community that one seeks to build around the game. There's some great papers around 'virtual worlds', the ultimate gaming environment. Check the research undertaken by JISC, it's solid gold: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/tele/gamingvirtual.aspx
This eBook could probably give some answers to your questions: http://elearningindustry.com/how-gamification-reshapes-learning#cover
Thank you all, my interest is focused in particular on instructional design and tools for handling the design phase.
I do not know your target group, but maybe this resource is a first hint: http://www.futurelab.org.uk/sites/default/files/Computer_games_and_learning.pdf
From the other end of tne question, what are the main characteristics of gaming that make it so useful? As a teacher of too often disengaged low SES teenage students, I struggle with whwt I regard as an education system that excludes low SES students by virtue of its structural characteristics. Gaming seems to be a useful source of motivational research. It seems that the characteristics that are helpful include:
Quick feedback,
Attainable goals (Vygotsky),
Recognition of incremental improvement and consequent building of self efficacy,
Opportunities to restart and resit - 'another chance',
Ability to take a break and resume to accomodate mood and physiology,
Tendancy to get the player in the 'zone' or the 'flow state' whatever that means psychologically.
Dear Daniela, this link includes a few brief posts about games in education/gamification.
http://www.scoop.it/t/creative-teaching-and-learning?q=gaming
Dear Daniela, this Scoop.it site focuses on game-based learning. Maybe it will guide your thoughts somewhat?
http://www.scoop.it/t/game-based-learning
Hi Daniela
The one thing you should know about Gamification is the Octalysis Gamification Framework by Yu-kai Chou. This framework will help you Gamify any process or application.
http://www.yukaichou.com/gamification-examples/octalysis-complete-gamification-framework/#.U70qGhAcWP8
About 15 years ago, I invented a prototypical virtual reality game based on a mash up of: Monopoly, Sim City (version 1), and University of Chicago's Economics department's invention that became Roller Coaster Tycoon. I devised a street grid map of a city, and each student got a city block to develop in any way they chose -- with two basic rules: instigate no crime (as known in modern society), and wealth for development to be generated from real research using -- at the time -- very limited access to Internet and other authentic sources. Whatever was realized -- be it an indoor skate board park retrofitted to an existing building, or a noodle take-away restaurant in an originally designed building -- is expressed in writing, pictures, or real-time "scenarios", and valued in virtual $$$. Yes, we have had more than one billionaire! More importantly, personal and civic growth within the community apparently progresses rapidly, but strangely authentically, along historical lines -- from founding pioneers to thriving societies. I have implemented this game every year since, and without fail, it has engaged the most difficult high school students in considering their skill set, in developing self-identity, in visualizing future college/career futures, and in beginning development of community-mindedness. Some outcomes have launched individuals on bright futures, and saved more than one from abject failure. While playing, students have told me, they now, for the first time, see what school is for, engaging with teachers and subjects that had little use before.
My invention is bare-bones demonstration of Yu-kai Chou's Octalysis, and going into my retirement years searching for answers to why my invention works, this seems to make a lot of sense. I have coined a word -- "virtuality" -- to represent the state of mind of the individual thus engaged with a virtual world and with reality, resulting in assessable progress, be it wealth, education, or self-actualization.
Bedwell and colleagues (2012) created a taxonomy of game attributes used in learning contexts. This was based off of the serious games literature, but can be applied to gamification in education and training. The attributes they ended up with are action language, assessment, conflict/challenge, game fiction, environment, rules/goals, immersion, control, and human interaction. They also summarize about 40 papers using these attributes to reach specific learning outcomes (e.g. motivation, declarative knowledge, application of knowledge, etc.).
http://sag.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/05/09/1046878112439444
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