It´s not my field, but I´m interested.

Dear Maria, these papers might be helpful.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22825095

http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/7/1527.long

maria this is the very important topic to be studied.i still want to say after so many years of the research in this field as you are rightly pointed,no single method is foolproof and completely safe and effective in the women contraception,thats why we are giving them cafeteria approach to the client.the more worrying part of this combine pills is the sideeffects on the cardiovascular,coagulation system n other side effects on the system.the Estrogen itself has the effect of hyperplasia on the endometrium and progesterone acts on the estrogen primed endometrium.so end organ side effects are mainly depend on the dose of estrogen and progesterone.lowest estrogen pills are having less side effects but chances of breakthrough bleeding are more.this research will help to the women mankind,good you chose this one.thank you.

Dear sirs,

I thank you very, very much for your interesting comments.

Dear Hanno Krieger, I can't help feeling amazed at the diversity and wide range of your interests. and of immensely interesting comments that  I read here on Research Gate, (I hope that I grow older in interest and culture, as  I retire, and yours is certainly a good example to try and follow!)

In fact, the human uterus and human fertility in general  are subjects of interest ever since we find traces of human culture. (Just think, for instance, how some of the earliest signs of artistic activity were sculptures of fertility goddesses, such as the Willendorf sculpture, or the Venus from Lespugue, that I post here, in attachments.

In addition, the first signs of surgical manipulations were precisely for obstetric reasons. (think of the romans that legislated on cesarian section)

Strangely enough, even though the female genital system attracts so much scientific interest, when you research in anatomical terms, you'll soon find that not much can be considered as unrefutable facts on this subject...

Dear Islam Saadeldin and Rajshree Dayanand Katke, I am profoundly greatful for your precious comments. (quite useful, indeed!)

I have been researching on this, for several years, now, and I get «stuck» with the scarceness of credible scientific data to proceed...

Of course that , for good ethical reasons, experimentation in this area is not possible. Animal experimentation proves extremely difficult, because the perfect animal model is difficult to find, and extrapolation does not lead to certainties.

In theory, my own poor scientific sensitivity indicates that the «secret» lies in the study of the vascular morphology on the organ and the adaptation to hormonal cycling.. And in particular on the venous reactivity to hormones. (The common peripheral side-effects of contraceptives are, of course, on the venous compartment of the legs - varicous veins - and of the head - frequent headaches - ; and of course that a disturbed venous return of the mamary gland may well have an influence in the development of breast cancer.

My present quest is precisely on wether other researchers share this same intuition.

Thanks a lot for precious contributes.

Greetings from a cold sunny Portugal, Maria

Dear Maria,

thanks for your kind comment. I still try to learn.

Dear Maria,

Interesting, i agree with you , a lot needs to be understood about the contraceptives and their effects on endometrium. I will be happy to contribute. Look forward to hear from you.

Greetings from Stockholm, Sweden, with autumn warmth.

Karolinska University hopsital

Kind Regards

Sujata

Thank you for your support, on this issue, dear Sujata Lalitkumar !

The problem with this research, and many other interesting subjects that interest several fields of Science and the Society in general, is FINANCING...

These studies cost money. Europe is short of money, mainly because we are facing infertility problems and we get less tax payers, and there is less money for research... I expect that no Pharmaceutical company would finance my research on this subject, because they would sell less contraceptive medication, if my theories prove right... (I don't know, because I didn't even dare ask...it would be nonsense to ask for money to talk against one of the most sold medications)

This vicious circle would easily explain the scarceness of credible information on an interesting scientific issue... (snif)

Absolutely right, Maria. Very much appreciated views. 

Despite that i am still optimistic about the research as it´s much needed to look at the endometrium. Let us think of a project plan for international collaboration. Eventuelly we can apply for funds. Even if we are short of funds let us sneak ínto the intelligence agencies of pharmaceutical companies/ funders. Nothing is impossible if we have the Will to do it for the good cause of human lives.

Wow! dear Sujata! Thank you for your optimistic approach to my «snifs»...

Let's!!!

Dear Maria,

what should be known, and is not, is that generally oral contraceptives exert an inhibitory action on ovary and uterus, frequently  leading to regressive anatomical and functional changes. These changes turn to be extremely dangerous for young women, while thay may be protective in mature and helpful in many senses in peri- and post-menopausal. Adolescent girls uterus becomes smaller (tipically 2,5 centimeters antero-posterior diameter), with atrophic endometrium, hypo-oligo-menorraea up to complete and irreversible amenorrea. Ovaries become micro-policistic. Most gynecologists try to revers these regressive changes by administrating hormones. Quite often they prescribe a new pill  !!! What instead should be done is to insert a copper IUD, that is able to awaken the silent and sleepy endometrium.  At this regard you will find in Pubmed a study I published years ago on Fertility and Sterility.

All the bad changes in young girls are wecomed in peri- and post-menopausa. Estrogens and progesterone, if needed, are extremely helpful in maintaining the right hormone (steroidal) balance at this age, for best mental and body health, and once the equilibrium is reached, there is no reason neither to stop the therapy nor to turn on other similar drugs labeled for menopause. Indeed, once the equilibrium is lost, it is quite difficult to restore. If you want to know up to what age these pills  should be given, my answer is : forever. This is because we (men and women) are in real time the expression of our own steroidogenesis.

With kind regards, and best wishes

Fortunato Vesce

I thank you very, very much, Fortunato! 

for a very straight and elucidative approach to this issue. Extremely interesting and helpful. I am not a Ginecologist. I am an Anatomist, or angiomorphologist, as  Iprefer to describe my work. And I thank you for your extremely interesting contribution to this issue. (I was in need of your clinical comment.

Nevertheless, my optimistic view on the perfection of Nature leads me to wonder wether if the female genital system requires external supplement or imbalance of extrinsic hormonal supply, why didn't nature furnish such system, as a start, from birth?

Or how do animals cope without extrinsic supply of hormonal imbalance?

Thank you!

The contraceptive pill combined inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and, consequently, ovulation.

In particular, estrogen inhibits the release of FSH, thus suppressing the development of the ovarian follicle.

The progestin inhibits the release of LH preventing ovulation. It also makes the mucus of the cervix (the "front door" that separates the vagina from the uterus) less suitable to the passage of sperm.

The two hormones together alter the endometrium so that implantation of a disadvantage.

They can also interfere with muscle contractions coordinates of the cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes, which are considered necessary to ensure that occur fertilization and implantation of the'egg.

However, estrogen assumption has aprevetive effect on many types of cancers (colorectal cancer is almost absent in women who assume hormonal replacement in menopause.

Thank you, Ierardi. Quite useful data!

Kind regards from sunny Portugal! M.

Too kind, Maria. Southern italy is as sunny as Portugal. My first name is Enzo. Colorectal cancer prevention by estrogens is one of my main scientific interests at the moment. Thank you for your feedback.

thanks, dear Enzo ! interesting field of research. Auguri ! 

It would be, no doubt , interesting to verify the effects of Progesterone or even of a mixture opf both, such as in contraceptives, on the incidence of colo-rectal cancer...

Yes, the secret lies in the hormonal vascular effects, with almost certainty.

@Maria, in the colonic mucosa yhere are two types of estrogen receptors: alpha which are pro-proliferative and beta which are pro-apoptotic. It is known that alpha receptors are increased in many cancers (mainly in breast cancer) but rheir expression is very high and parallels Ki67 one also in colonic cancer of inflammarory (ulcerative colitis), sporadic and genetic origin (familial adenimatous polyposis or Lynch syndrome). With the icrease of alpha receptors and carcinogenetic progression, a sharp decrease in beta receptors and TUNEL positive cells is observed. The check point is the development of high grade dysplasia. You can see these evidences from some papers in my profile and some orthcoming others. Angiogenetic factors are undoubtfully involved. We are investigating also in this field.

Yes, thank you, sir!

This is a never ending field of rich research, that has to be performed by the more knowledgeable people.

I also noticed and published on the endometrial effects of Tamoxifen, after treatment of breast cancer. The effects on endometrium are absurdly interesting. Always with a very visible angiologic counter-part.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265122106_L%27_Endomtre_Postmnopausique_son_Vieillissement_Normal_et_Pathologique 

Article L' Endomètre Postménopausique, son Vieillissement Normal et ...

Quoting, from LEONARDO DA VINCI - Notebooks - On Anatomy:

« This work must begin with the conception of man, and describe the nature of the womb and how the foetus lives in it, up to what stage it resides there, and in what way it quickens into life and feeds. Also its growth and what interval there is between one stage of growth and another. What is it that forces it out from the body of the mother, and for what reasons it sometimes comes out of the mother's womb before the due time. [...] » 

Tou need to look at the effects on glycodelin - A and B also

Thank you Hanna !

http://www.news.vcu.edu/article/Low_levels_of_two_key_proteins_in_uterine_lining_linked_to_early

nevertheless, IGFs only get to the tissues, through vascular / microvascular paths.

vascularization growth also preceeds embryonic development.  (Think of the placental stages and organization)

The secret lies in the perfection of the knowledge of organs vascularization and SEM studies can bring great help to this.

I know I get to be  a sort of maniac on this subject of the fundamental importance of vascular studies, but that's my job and my mission in terms of science...

I am certain that the growth and arrangement of microvascular networks hold the secret of life.

I'm interested in these new information's you add to me new knowledge in this field

Thank you, dear Fatima. So, I feel happy if my long field of research produces some new knowledge...

When we work hard, we enjoy the feeling of being helpful.

Thank you for your comment.

Dear Maria,

It's delightful to hear from you..

The following  publications may be of interest to you. I am sending you the titles of four publications that may be downloaded from Pubmed or Google-Scholar.

1) Campbell, J.S., Napke, E., Mikhael, N.Z., Buttar, H.S., Berzowski, A., Tryphonas, L., Drouin, P.,  and Rowsell, P.  (1995):  Iatrogenic Diseases of the Female Genital Tract.  In:  Haines and Taylor Obstetrical and Gynaecological Pathology.  H. Fox and M. Wells (Eds.), Vol. 2, 4th. ed.  Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 1183-1207.

2) Tryphonas, L. and Buttar, H.S.  (1986):  Effects of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 on the pregnant uterus and the conceptus of rat.  Toxicology  39, 177-186.

3) Tryphonas, L. and Buttar, H.S.  (1984):  Morphologic evidence for vaginal toxicity of Delfen Contraceptive cream in the rat.  Toxicol. Letters  20, 289-295.

4) Tryphonas, L. and Buttar, H.S.  (1982):  Genital tract toxicity of nonoxynol-9 in female rats:  Temporal development, reversibility and sequelae of the induced lesions.  Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.  2, 211-219.

 With  fondest regards.

Harpal Buttar

Wow ! Thank you very very much. We'll have to keep in touch.

Quite interesting.

Kind regards, Maria

Dear Buttar,

You might feel interested in checking on this project I launched:

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Side-effects-of-contraceptives-on-their-target-organs

Maria Madam kindly read nonoxynol-9 on the pregnant uterus. At the same time they need to target their organs very specific.Although it is very interesting project  vascular and micro-vascular path is the one major concern so they need particular surgery from  expert surgeon. Vaginal toxicity,genital tract toxicity with infection and inflammation should be ruled out. 

Thanking you once again

Best wishes

I agree with above work.But i worked the effects of tamoxifen on spermatogenesis  in male albino rats.This topic was new to me as this drug has effect as antiestrogenic on breast cancer.This research showed the arrest on spermatogenesis at stage viii of spermatogenesis and this research also showed the reduction of the weight of accessory male reproductive glands