Humans have always depended on nature for environmental assets like clean water, nutrient cycling and soil formation. These have been called by different names
Ecosystem services are produced by healthy, well-functioning environments and provide great benefit to humans worldwide. Such services include provisioning of food and water resources, as well as regulating and supporting functions such as flood control, waste management, water balance, climate regulation, and other processes. Human reliance on these ecosystem services is fundamental – although we rarely recognize the value of ecosystem services until they are lost.
The oceans provide a great many of these critical but undervalued services that support not only coastal inhabitants but all life on the planet. Wetlands maintain hydrological balances, recharge freshwater aquifers, prevent erosion, and buffer land from storms. Over 40% of the global population now lives within the thin band of coastal area that is only 5% of the total land mass, and dependence on these coastal systems, especially wetlands, reefs, or estuaries, is increasing.
Coastal and marine ecosystems are naturally dynamic, but recent changes have been unparalleled. Waterways have been dredged; wetlands filled or drained; and coastal areas developed. Overfishing and destructive fishing have caused major fisheries to collapse and have disrupted food webs. However, the impacts to the marine environment extend beyond those activities immediately along the coasts and in the oceans. Land and freshwater use in watersheds have dramatically altered sediment transport and hydrology.
Too many nutrients, and too much of them, reaching our shores have made coastal waters the most highly chemically-altered environments in the world. All of these impacts compound the vulnerability to rising sea levels and more frequent and more severe storm events due to global climate change.