The mobile cellular communication uses 4G Long Term Advanced Evolution (LTE-A) technology which is a platform for 5G technology.
The fundamentals of D2D communication is to utilize mobile devices as relays that are placed between source and destination. The D2D system is the communication between two adjacent cellular devices by reusing the cellular spectrum without having to do routing to the base station. The D2D communication systems can increase capacity with the shared use of frequency sources between conventional cellular users and D2D users. It also increases the data rate due to the close communication distance.
Papers:
G. Fodor, et al., “An Overview of Device-to-Device Communications Technology Components in METIS,” IEEE Access vol. 4, pp. 3288- 3299, 2016.
C. Yang, T. Jiang, and C. Wang, “cooperative device-to-device communications in cellular networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 22, pp. 124-129, June 2015.
S. Chen, S. Sun, Y. Wang, G. Xiao, R. Tamrakar, “A comprehensive survey of TDD-based mobile communication systems from TDSCDMA 3G to TD-LTE(A) 4G and 5G directions,” China Communications, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 40-60, 2015.