The second law of thermodynamics contradicts itself
The second law of thermodynamics recognized by scientists now contradicts itself, as shown in the picture:
1. The second law of thermodynamics states that Carnot efficiency is independent of the thermal properties of the working fluid.
2. Later, it can be inferred that the Carnot efficiency is related to the thermophysical properties of the working fluid.
3, 1, and 2 contradict each other.
4. Thermophysical properties of working fluid: E=E (V, T), P=P (V, T).
5. Aristotle proposed the theory of falling bodies, Galileo pointed out its contradiction, and Aristotle's theory was overturned.
Scientists are spreading and researching contradictory theories every day, and their mood is still very happy.
Your first mention of Carnot efficiency relates to the act of measuring. Your second reference is to an actual outcome.
For isolated systems, that the rise of entropy that is produced while their are irreversible processes going on,
till you achieve equilibrium with the maximum entropy, is essentially the second law.
An irreversible process could be cooling if some temperature is higher than another, or diffusion if some concentration is higher than another, but these end with equilibrium situations.
On the other hand, for open systems, the entropy could decrease, not increase.
I think this is a fairly good and robust description.
I think the Carnot engine description of this is a more complicated way of explaining,
but closer to practical situations.
A little book by Fermi does a good job, from this later point of view.
Entropy itself is only well defined in equilibrium situations.
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