February 09, 2025

Section -

Preliminary Introduction:

In the complete absence of gravitational interactions, massless particles such as photons would move without restriction, with their velocity determined solely by their frequency. In such a scenario, as frequency approaches infinity, speed would also tend toward infinity, while wavelength would contract indefinitely—yet the particles would remain massless. However, when gravitational influence is introduced, a fundamental threshold arises. At the Planck length (ℓᴘ), a massless particle acquires a mass of approximately 21.77 micrograms, altering its fundamental nature. This mass acquisition marks a transition where the particle can no longer sustain its inherent velocity and undergoes gravitational collapse. Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM) provides a mathematical framework to explain how gravitational effects can generate mass in initially massless entities. Conversely, ECM also explores how antigravitational interactions could reduce mass, potentially leading to negative effective mass under certain conditions. This perspective challenges traditional interpretations, offering deeper insights into cosmic-scale phenomena involving dark matter, dark energy, and extreme gravitational interactions. In our forthcoming discussions, we will explore the detailed mathematical foundations of apparent mass and effective mass in ECM, demonstrating how mass can dynamically transition between positive, zero, and negative states based on gravitational and antigravitational influences.

In a theoretical scenario where gravitational interactions are entirely absent, massless particles such as photons would travel without restriction. Their velocity would not be constrained by an external limit but instead governed by their frequency rather than the total energy they possess. In such a case, the speed of a massless particle follows the relation v=fλ. As the frequency f approaches infinity (∞), the velocity v also tends toward infinity, provided there is a complete absence of gravitational influence. Meanwhile, the wavelength λ shrinks toward an infinitesimally small value (1/∞λ), yet the particle remains massless.

However, in the presence of the universal gravitational constant (G), a critical threshold emerges. When the wavelength λ reaches Planck length (ℓᴘ =1.616255 × 10⁻³⁵ m), the particle can no longer remain massless. At this scale, it acquires a mass of 21.77 micrograms, fundamentally altering its behaviour. As a result, it can no longer maintain its inherent velocity, leading to a breakdown of the simple relation v=fλ. When the conditions satisfy f = fᴘ   and λ = ℓᴘ, the particle undergoes gravitational collapse, with extreme gravity dominating its dynamics.

The Transition from Massless to Massive: Gravitational Influence and the Role of ECM

When the Planck length (ℓᴘ) is set equal to the Schwarzschild radius, an intriguing consequence emerges—a massless particle at this fundamental scale gains a mass of approximately 21.77 micrograms. This result signifies that gravitational influence alone can induce mass, even in entities traditionally considered massless, such as photons. The derived Planck mass represents the natural threshold at which quantum gravitational effects become significant, hinting at the deep connection between mass, gravity, and fundamental physics.

Conversely, if gravitational interactions can cause mass to emerge, then antigravitational influences could, in principle, reduce mass. This suggests that a sufficiently strong repulsive gravitational effect might lead even a highly massive body to transition into a massless state. Extending this notion further, under specific conditions, the effective mass of an object could even become negative, leading to novel physical behaviours that challenge conventional mechanics.

In Extended Classical Mechanics (ECM), the concepts of apparent mass and effective mass provide a detailed mathematical framework to describe these transitions. ECM extends traditional gravitational dynamics by incorporating the effects of both positive and negative mass interactions, offering insights into how mass evolves under varying gravitational and antigravitational conditions. This perspective not only aligns with fundamental principles but also provides a potential explanation for cosmic-scale phenomena involving dark matter, dark energy, and exotic gravitational effects.

In our following work, we will delve deeper into these mathematical foundations and explore the implications of apparent mass and effective mass in ECM, further clarifying how mass can dynamically shift between positive, zero, and negative values based on the influence of gravitational and antigravitational forces.