Maybe you can clarify your question. E.g. when you say "really" do you mean "practically" or more "truly (as opposed to current practice)"?

For the example you mention, you might want to have a look at e.g.:

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Handbooks-Of-Cancer-Prevention/Effectiveness-Of-Tax-And-Price-Policies-For-Tobacco-Control-2011

There is obviously a lot more literature on this topic if you look for it, e.g. in pubmed or google scholar.

Health outcomes are influenced by many determinants both within and outside of the traditional health system. For example, policies related to transportation, living wages, and zoning can dramatically impact health outcomes, especially for vulnerable communities with limited resiliency due to socioeconomic barriers.

Benjamin R. Health Policy Affects Health Outcomes: Community Determinants of Health. Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2018;12(1S):1-2. doi: 10.1353/cpr.2018.0012. PMID: 29755040; PMCID: PMC6260814.

Looking at the public health challenges and needs. we need to support these policy processes, and all stakeholders and researchers need to combine to address mixed-match methodology to address and evaluate the problems.

Dear Fahad,

It’s a very good question.

Above all answers said very well.

In addition I will like to include;

Policy in health notice all issues related to health. Here different plan & strategy taken for different issues like;

1. Ongoing activists - is the regular system through witch a country providing healthcare services to the population. Usually it runs as it is, finance is based on country policy. Like for tax based health system model, every year amount of currency add that is for rise of all other cost ( electricity, water, gas etc).

2. Innovation project : medicine, vaccine

3. Emerging / endemic management

4. Addressing important issues like; improve nutritional status, decrease child death rate, decrease maternal death rate etc

Impact means visible effective change.

If the utilization rate of healthcare centre increase or same, improve nutritional status, decrease child & maternity death rate than we can say, it is the impact of plan & strategy of the policy.

If you mean the rising cost of tobacco then the real scenario is consumption is not decrease. Here, we see the consumers change their behavior. For example they consume lower quality products according to their budget & rises their health risk. If you said about increase cost of medicine, in that case discontinuation of treatment often reported (Catalyst report).