Dear All,
From XPS, one can measure the binding energy values for different constituent elements. For eg, for SmAlO3 one can obtain the binding energy values for Sm 4d3/2, Al 2p1/2, and O1s. The binding energy values of these constituent elements in SmAlO3 usually differs from the pure element values for these constituent elements (Sm 4d3/2, Al 2p1/2, and O1s). As, a result, we can calculate the chemical shifts of the materials and explain the bonding mechanism in the material.
However, what is the source of the element core level energy in the pure state?? If there are any references please suggest me.
Thanks in advance.
Here a short read on the subject of XPS:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272790716_X-ray_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy_and_Auger_Electron_Spectroscopy_Comparison_and_Basic_Principles
Are you asking how the values for pure elements are obtained?
Article X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectros...
I think for pure element you have to consider the binding of two carbon for example (C-C) It should be possible to calculate the electrons core energy level ... (not sure if someone can add something or correct me ...)
The question is not as easy as it looks on first sight. Binding energies of the pure atom are affected by the "intra atomar relaxation" what means that all other electrons rearrange due to the presence of a core hole, in contradiction to the frozen orbital model by Koopman. In a solid you have an additional intra and extra atomar relaxation due to the reaction of the valence electrons with the hole. As these relaxations may incorporate excited states, you may find satellite structures. These are in part final state effects. The change of the binding energy due to chemical bondings is an initial state effect, which is invoked by a transfer of electrons due to the bonding. But as the formed compound may have a complete different electronic structure, the the relaxation in a compound may be different as in the pure element e.g. Ag metal and Ag(I) compounds as AgCl have nearly the same Ag3d binding energy. In addition you may find core level shifts for surface atoms (surface core level shift). There are some old articles by Citrin and Wertheim and the book of Huefner may be helpful.
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